Home Region: Iran (Southwest Asia)

Elam - Shimashki Period

2028 BCE 1940 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 ir_elam_2 / IrShima

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

2112 BCE 2004 BCE Ur - Dynasty III (iq_ur_dyn_3) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1900 BCE 1701 BCE Elam - Early Sukkalmah (ir_elam_3) [continuity]

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General Description

Women in Elam
"with the rise of the nuclear family by the end of the third millennium ... daughters attained equal inheritance rights with sons. Sometimes fathers even preferred to pass on their entire estates to their daughters rather than to their sons. A wide’s share of her husband’s estate also increased considerably in the later Elamite period." ^[1]
Succession "sometimes passed from a man to his sister’s son. Succession through the sister suggests that royal women had greater political power than did royal women in Mesopotamia." ^[2]
queen Nahhunte-utu of Elam "married two of her own brothers" and passed her claim to the throne to her eldest son. Also evidence for next-of-kin marriage within the royal family." ^[2]
"Hinz argues that even after the sister’s son was no longer the major heir to the throne, brother-sister marriage did not disappear but continued until the end of the Elamite period, when ’even provincial rulers followed the "family custom" of Elamite kings in marrying their sisters." ^[2]

Data below has yet to be coded into the sheet
"The Ur III rulers imposed their suzerainty over the Elamite princes of Anshan, who were probably semi-nomadic, in the southeast, and over others, including the princes of Shimashki, in an area that is likely to have extended to the north and southeast of Susiana." ^[3]
Ur reduced to rubble. "An Elamite attack against Ur brought Ibbi-Sin to seek refuge within its walls. The city [Ur] was besieged for a long time, until it collapsed for lack of food supplies. The Elamites broke into the city and plundered it. They profaned its most sacred temples, captured Ibbi-Sin an imprisoned him in Susa. For a while, Ur became an Elamite garrison..." ^[4]
"While Isin moved from being the heir of the Third Dynasty of Ur back to a city-state, Larsa moved in the opposite direction, moving away from its position as a city-state clenched between Isin and Elam. Gungunum began his rise to power in Larsa at the end of the twentieth century, taking Ur and Lagash from Isin and Susa from Elam. He took on the title of ’king of Sumer and Akkad’, the standard title of the kings of Ur, and led a couple of campaigns against Bashime (located on the Iranian coast facing the Persian Gulf) and Anshan (modern Fars, located in the hinterland of Bashime)." ^[5]
"In Elam, the princes of the new Shimashkian dynasty, who governed a vast area to the north and southeast of Susiana, drove out the Sumerians and gained control of Susa toward 2000 B.C." ^[6]
"Anshan was soon restored as the major metropolis of the Elamite federation, and the rulers of Shimashki seem to have adopted the title "king of Anshan and Susa" sometime before 1900 B.C. That imperial title of the rulers of Elam was subsequently changed to sukkalmah, a term borrowed from the Sumerian administration and meaning "grand regent." Under the rule of the sukkalmahs, which continued until about 1500 B.C., Susa remained within the Mesopotamian cultural sphere, but local artistic traditions continued." ^[6]

Shimashki’s dynasty originated from Shimashki region, and was ruling probably in Shimashki, Anshan and Elam since at least 2094 BC, however Elam (and Susiana) stayed under control of Ur III Empire during that time. ^[7] The independence of Shimashki’s dynasty and Elam itself was associated probably with the act of direct aggression from Ur III and its king - Shu-Sin who undertook war campaign against Elam. According to some researchers, this might have stimulated Shimashkian to formation their own state, but real autonomy was achieved later, during the reign of Ibbi-Sin and rebellion of Ishbi-erra, ensi of Isin, and disintegration of Ur III Empire. ^[8] ^[9] There is also believed that Shimashkian had important contribution in collapse of Ur III as they took a part of coalitions against Ibbi-Sin, together with some people of the Zagros (e. g. Su people) attacked eastern Mesopotamia. ^[10] , ^[7] The earlier relations between Ur III and Elam based mostly on peaceful coexistence, marital alliances and allegiance. Elam was treated as very important partner and part of Ur III empire, and had his own governor. ^[11] There is very little known regarding the Shimashki dynasty, and there are found only few inscription, lists and seals with names of lugal or ensi of Elam and Anshan from this dynasty (e. g. Imazu, Idaddu I, Ebarti II). ^[12] The tradition of inter-dynastic marriages was continued in Elam, e. g. son of Indattu-In-Shushinak was married to Me-kubi, daughter of governor of Eshnunna. ^[13]

[1]: (Nashat 2003, 14-15) Nashat, Guity. Women in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Iran. in Nashat, Guity. Beck, Lois. eds. 2003. Women in Iran: From The Rise Of Islam To 1800. University of Illinois Press. Urbana.

[2]: (Nashat 2003, 15) Nashat, Guity. Women in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Iran. in Nashat, Guity. Beck, Lois. eds. 2003. Women in Iran: From The Rise Of Islam To 1800. University of Illinois Press. Urbana.

[3]: (Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 7) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[4]: (Leverani 2014, 174) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.

[5]: (Leverani 2014, 192) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.

[6]: (Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 8) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[7]: Hinz 1971, 658

[8]: Potts 1999, 142-43

[9]: Stolper 1982, 51

[10]: Bryce 2009, 642

[11]: Potts 1999, 132-135

[12]: Potts 2012, 42-43

[13]: Hinz 1971, 660

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Priesthood

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Formal Legal Code

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Canal

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Store Of Wealth

1 Debt And Credit Structure

Information / Postal System

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

5 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2) was in:
(2028 BCE 1901 BCE)	Susiana

Home NGA: Susiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	38 S	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Original Name	Elam - Shimashki Period	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Capital	Susa	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Alternative Name	Elam	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Alternative Name	Dynasty of Shimashki	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[2028 BCE ➜ 1940 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	nominal allegiance to [---]	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Elam - Early Sukkalmah	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 1900 BCE 1701 BCE	Elam - Early Sukkalmah (ir_elam_3) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 2112 BCE 2004 BCE	Ur - Dynasty III (iq_ur_dyn_3) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Language Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	isolate	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Linguistic Family	Semitic	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Language	Elamite	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Language	Akkadian	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Language	Babylonian	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Religion Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[6,500 to 26,000] people	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 3]	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Military Level	[3 to 6]	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Professions Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Law Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Irrigation System	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Canal	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Information / Writing System Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Script	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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History	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Information / Money Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Store Of Wealth	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Uncoded Undecided	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Information / Postal System Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Courier	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Military use of Metals Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Iron	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Copper	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Bronze	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Projectiles Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Sling	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Handheld weapons Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Sword	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Spear	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Armor Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Helmet	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Naval technology Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Elam - Shimashki Period (ir_elam_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More