Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Ptolemaic Kingdom II

217 BCE 30 BCE

D G SC WF CC

EQ 2020 eg_ptolemaic_k_2 / EgPtol2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

305 BCE 217 BCE Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

31 BCE 284 CE Roman Empire - Principate (it_roman_principate) [absorption]

Displayed:

Learn more about polity border choices. Map Modern Map only Opacity Year Play rate (y/s)
Hit enter after changing the year or setting the play rate.

General Description

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (or Empire) was one of the successor states to the Macedonian Empire created by the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BCE. When Alexander died in Babylon in 323, Ptolemy, as one of his most favoured generals and bodyguards, was appointed satrap (governor) of Egypt, Libya and parts of Arabia. ^[1] ^[2] The next few decades after 323 were characterized by incessant warfare between those who wished to maintain the unity of the Macedonian Empire, nominally still intact, ^[3] and those who aspired to rule their own kingdoms independently. ^[2] Ptolemy was firmly on the separatist side, and in 305 BCE he successfully declared himself king of Egypt. In doing so, he became Ptolemy I Soter (’the saviour’) ^[4] , founder of a powerful dynasty (sometimes known as the Lagides, after his father Lagos) ^[5] that was to rule Egypt for almost three centuries.
Ptolemy I and his successors had expansionist ambitions, seeking to carve out more and more territory for their new kingdom, often at the expense of the other kingdoms that had splintered from Alexander’s empire, especially the Seleucid Kingdom of the Middle East. ^[6] At its greatest extent, the Ptolemaic Empire reached as far south as Lower Nubia (southern Egypt), west to Cyrenaica (modern-day Libya), east to Cyprus, Syria, Phoenicia and Asia Minor (Turkey), and north into the Aegean. ^[7] In the words of one researcher, Egypt became for the first time a true ’Mediterranean power’ under its new Macedonian rulers. ^[6]
The peak of the Ptolemaic period is generally considered to correspond to the reigns of the first three Ptolemies in the 3rd century BCE. ^[8] We divide the kingdom into two polities: the first begins with Ptolemy I’s accession in 305 and ends with the Battle of Raphia in 217. In this battle, Ptolemy IV defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who had invaded Ptolemaic-controlled lands in Palestine. ^[9] The late 3rd and early 2nd centuries saw conflict within the ruling family and revolts by the Egyptian population, representing an ’age of crisis’ between two periods of relative stability. ^[10] Our second polity runs from 217 up to the famous suicide of Cleopatra VII, the last ruler in the Ptolemaic line, and the Roman annexation of Egypt in 30 BCE. ^[3] ^[11] Overall, the Ptolemies were a successful dynasty: in concert with their expansionist policies, they managed to transform Egypt ‒ and the new city of Alexandria in particular ‒ into the cultural and economic centre of the Hellenistic world. ^[12]
Population and Political Organization
The Ptolemies were the longest-lived foreign dynasty ever to rule Egypt. ^[13] They presided over a ’double society’, portraying themselves as Graeco-Macedonian kings to the many resident Greeks and divine pharaohs to the ’native’ Egyptian population. ^[14] ^[15] Greeks and Egyptians were subject to different judicial systems and Greeks tended to dominate the highest echelons of society. ^[16] ^[17] Alexandria, built as an ideal Greek-style Hellenistic city with its magnificent library, stadium, theatre, gymnasium and lighthouse, was always set apart from the rest of the country. ^[18] ^[19] Over time, however, and especially from 200 BCE onwards, the boundaries between ’Greek’ and ’Egyptian’ became blurred. ^[20]
The chief aim of government was to draw as much revenue ‒ in money and in wheat ‒ as possible from the population, and for this reason the burden of taxation was heavy. ^[21] The Ptolemies left many Pharaonic Egyptian institutions intact, such as the temple hierarchy with its priests and scribes. However, they used state functionaries and tax farmers to divert more and more wealth from temples, agricultural estates, especially those of granted to soldiers (known as cleruchs), and ordinary peasant farmers to the royal coffers. ^[22] Egypt under the Ptolemies also became more outward-looking, extending commercial and political power into the Levant, the Black Sea and the shores of the Mediterranean as far west as Sicily. ^[23]
The population of Egypt during the Ptolemaic period has been estimated at around 4 million people in the 3rd century BCE, of which between 5 and 10 percent were Greeks. ^[24] The total population of the entire Ptolemaic Empire may have reached 7 million. ^[25]

[1]: (Hӧlbl 2001, 12, 14) Günther Hӧlbl. 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London: Routledge.

[2]: (Lloyd 2000, 389) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[3]: (Lloyd 2010, xl) Alan B. Lloyd. 2010. ’Chronology’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, xxxii-xliii. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[4]: (Thompson 2005, 113) Dorothy J. Thompson. 2005. ’The Ptolemies and Egypt’, in A Companion to the Hellenistic World, edited by Andrew Erskine, 105-20. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

[5]: (Myśliwiec 2000, 179) Karol Myśliwiec. 2000. The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E., translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[6]: (Vandorpe 2010, 169) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[7]: (Vandorpe 2010, 169-71) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[8]: (Chauveau 2000, 11) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[9]: (Lloyd 2000, 394) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[10]: (Vandorpe 2010, 165-66) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[11]: (Newman 2015) Frances Stickney Newman. 2015. ’Cleopatra VII’, in Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press. Accessed 22 February 2017.

[12]: (Vandorpe 2010, 173-75) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[13]: (Vandorpe 2010, 159) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[14]: (Chauveau 2000, 33, 37) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[15]: (Vandorpe 2010, 171) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[16]: (Manning 2003, 53, 131) J. G. Manning. 2003. Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Structure of Land Tenure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[17]: (Lloyd 2000, 409) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18]: (Vandorpe 2010, 174) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[19]: (Lloyd 2000, 400-01) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[20]: (Vandorpe 2010, 171-73) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[21]: (Chauveau 2000, 78) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[22]: (Lloyd 2000, 404-05) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[23]: (Thompson and Buraselis 2013, 2-4) Dorothy J. Thompson and Kostas Buraselis. ’Introduction’, in The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power, edited by Kostas Buraselis, Mary Stefanou and Dorothy J. Thompson, 1-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[24]: (Fischer-Bovet 2011, 135-37) Christelle Fischer-Bovet. 2011. ’Counting the Greeks in Egypt: Immigration in the First Century of Ptolemaic Rule’, in Demography in the Graeco-Roman World, edited by C. Holleran and A. Pudsey, 135-54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[25]: (Fischer-Bovet 2014, 149) Christelle Fischer-Bovet. 2014. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

4 Polity Territory

3 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

15 Power Transition

Instability Events

20 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2) was in:
(217 BCE 32 BCE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Original Name	Ptolemaic Kingdom II Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Capital	Alexandria Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Ptolemaic Empire Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Temporal Bounds Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[217 BCE ➜ 30 BCE] Expert
Loading...

Political and Cultural Relations Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Supracultural Entity	Greek World Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	Roman Empire - Principate Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[3,500,000 to 4,000,000] km² Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuation Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity 31 BCE 284 CE	Roman Empire - Principate (it_roman_principate) [absorption] Expert
Loading...

Preceding Entity 305 BCE 217 BCE	Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1) [continuity] Expert
Loading...

Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Language Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Language	Greek Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Religion Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Hellenistic Religions Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Religion Family	Ptolemaic Religion Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Alternate Religion Genus	Egyptian Religions Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided Expert	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	300,000 people	217 BCE 150 BCE
Loading...

Population of the Largest Settlement	500,000 people	149 BCE 32 BCE
Loading...

Polity Territory	833,000 km²	200 BCE
Loading...

Polity Territory	640,000 km²	150 BCE
Loading...

Polity Territory	373,000 km²	100 BCE
Loading...

Polity Territory	107,000 km²	50 BCE
Loading...

Polity Population	4,000,000 people	217 BCE 151 BCE
Loading...

Polity Population	2,500,000 people Disputed	150 BCE 32 BCE
Loading...

Polity Population	4,000,000 people Disputed	150 BCE 32 BCE
Loading...

Hierarchical Complexity Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Religious Level	1	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Military Level	[7 to 8]	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Administrative Level	6	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Professions Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Professional Priesthood	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Professional Military Officer	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Bureaucracy Characteristics Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Merit Promotion	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Examination System	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Law Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Judge	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Court	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Irrigation System	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Food Storage Site	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Drinking Water Supply System	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Transport Infrastructure Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Port	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Canal	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Bridge	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Special-purpose Sites Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Information / Writing System Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Script	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Nonwritten Record	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Non Phonetic Writing	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Mnemonic Device	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Practical Literature	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Philosophy	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Lists Tables and Classification	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

History	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Fiction	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Calendar	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Information / Money Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Precious Metal	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Paper Currency	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Indigenous Coin	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Foreign Coin	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Article	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Information / Postal System Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Courier	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Information / Measurement System Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Stone Walls Mortared	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Modern Fortification	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Moat	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Fortified Camp	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Ditch	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Complex Fortification	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Long Wall	absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Military use of Metals Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Iron	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Bronze	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Projectiles Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Sling Siege Engine	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Sling	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Self Bow	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Javelin	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Handheld Firearm	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Crossbow	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Composite Bow	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Atlatl	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Handheld weapons Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Sword	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Spear	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Polearm	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Dagger	Present Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Battle Axe	Absent Inferred	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Animals used in warfare Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Elephant	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Donkey	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Dog	Absent	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Camel	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Armor Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Shield	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Plate Armor	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Limb Protection	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Leather Cloth	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Helmet	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Breastplate	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Naval technology Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	217 BCE 30 BCE
Loading...

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More