[1]: (Boatwright et al. 2012) Mary T. Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola, Noel Lenski and Richard J. A. Talbert. 2012. The Romans. From Village to Empire: A History of Rome from Earliest Times to the End of the Western Empire. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
[2]: (Bowman and Wilson 2009) Alan K. Bowman and Andrew Wilson. 2009. ’Quantifying the Roman Economy: Integration, Growth, Decline?’, in Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, edited by Alan K. Bowman and Andrew Wilson, 3-86. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[3]: (Gibbon [2003] 1869, 53) Edward Gibbon. [2003] 1869. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by Hans-Friedrich Mueller. New York: Modern Library.
[4]: (Noreña 2010) Carlos Noreña. 2010. ’The Early Imperial Monarchy’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, edited by A. Barchiesi and W. Scheidel, 533-46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[5]: (Kehoe 2007) Dennis P. Kehoe. 2007. Law and the Rural Economy in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
[6]: (Adkins and Adkins 1998, 45) Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins. 1998. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[7]: (Duncan-Jones 1994) Richard Duncan-Jones. 1994. Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[8]: (Scheidel 2015) Walter Scheidel. 2015. ’State Revenue and Expenditure in the Han and Roman Empires’, in State Power in Ancient China and Rome, edited by Walter Scheidel, 150-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[9]: (Garnsey and Saller 1987) Peter Garnsey and Richard P. Saller. 1987. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
[10]: (Noreña 2010, 538) Carlos Noreña. 2010. ’The Early Imperial Monarchy’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, edited by A. Barchiesi and W. Scheidel, 533-46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[11]: (Harries 2010) Jill Harries. 2010. ’Law’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, edited by Alessandro Barchiesi and Walter Scheidel, 637-50. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[12]: (Harris 2010) W. V. Harris. 2010. ’Power’, in The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies, edited by Alessandro Barchiesi and Walter Scheidel, 564-78. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[13]: (Talbert 1996) Richard J. A. Talbert. 1996. ’The Senate and Senatorial and Equestrian Posts’, in The Cambridge Ancient History, edited by Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin and Andrew Lintott, 324-43. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[14]: (Ando 2013) Clifford Ando. 2013. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
[15]: (Wilson 2011) Andrew Wilson. 2011. ’City Sizes and Urbanization in the Roman Empire’, in Settlement, Urbanization, and Population, edited by Alan K. Bowman and Andrew Wilson, 161-95. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[16]: (Boatwright 2000) Mary Taliaferro Boatwright. 2000. Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[17]: (Scheidel 2009) Walter Scheidel. 2009. ’Population and Demography’, in A Companion to Ancient History, edited by A. Erskine, 234-45. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
[18]: (Lendon 1997, 3) J. E. Lendon. 1997. Empire of Honour: The Art of Government in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
| Year Range | Roman Empire - Principate (it_roman_principate) was in: |
|---|---|
| (31 BCE 283 CE) | Latium / Paris Basin / Crete / Upper Egypt / Konya Plain |
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| Alternative Name | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Alternative Name | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Alternative Name | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Alternative Name | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Alternative Name | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Suprapolity Relations | 230 CE 319 CE |
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| Supracultural Entity | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Scale of Supracultural Interaction | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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Preceding Entity
217 BCE 30 BCE
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| Language | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Population of the Largest Settlement | 1 CE |
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| Population of the Largest Settlement | 100 CE |
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| Population of the Largest Settlement | 200 CE |
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| Polity Territory | 1 CE |
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| Polity Territory | 100 CE |
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| Polity Territory | 200 CE |
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| Polity Territory | 275 CE |
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| Polity Population | 1 CE |
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| Polity Population | 100 CE |
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| Polity Population | 200 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Settlement Hierarchy | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Religious Level | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Military Level | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Administrative Level | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Professional Soldier | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Professional Priesthood | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Professional Military Officer | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Merit Promotion | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Examination System | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Lawyer | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Judge | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Formal Legal Code | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Court | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Market | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Irrigation System | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Food Storage Site | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Drinking Water Supply System | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Port | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Canal | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Bridge | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Sacred Text | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Religious Literature | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Practical Literature | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Philosophy | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| History | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Fiction | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Calendar | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Token | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Precious Metal | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Paper Currency | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Indigenous Coin | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Foreign Coin | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Article | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postal Station | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| General Postal Service | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Courier | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden Palisade | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Stone Walls Non Mortared | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Stone Walls Mortared | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Settlements in a Defensive Position | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moat | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Ditch | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Complex Fortification | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steel | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Iron | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Copper | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Bronze | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tension Siege Engine | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Javelin | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Crossbow | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Composite Bow | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wood Bark Etc | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Shield | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Scaled Armor | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Plate Armor | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Limb Protection | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Leather Cloth | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Helmet | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Chainmail | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Breastplate | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moralizing Enforcement is Broad | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement in This Life | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Certain | 31 BCE 284 CE |
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