Home Region: Southern India (South Asia)

Chalukyas of Kalyani

973 CE 1189 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 in_kalyani_chalukya_emp / InChaKl

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

753 CE 973 CE Rashtrakuta Empire (in_rashtrakuta_emp) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1108 CE 1346 CE Hoysala Kingdom (in_hoysala_k) [continuity]

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General Description

The Chalukyas of Kalyani ruled over a territory roughly corresponding to the modern-day Indian states of Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana, as well as the Andhra Pradesh districts of Kurnool and Anantapur. ^[1] Taila II re-established Chalukya rule over the Deccan by inflicting several military defeats on the Rashtrakutas and sacking their capital in 973 CE. ^[2] Then, in the 12th century, the Chalukyas lost their empire twice: first, briefly, to the Kalachuris, and then, permanently, in 1191, to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas. ^[3] This polity probably reached its peak during the reign of Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE): during this relatively peaceful time, the capital flourished, as did scholarship, and the Chalukyas’ territories and influence expanded. ^[4]
Population and political organization
At the head of this polity was an emperor, aided at court by his yuvaraja (crown prince) and ministers, and represented in the provinces by feudal subordinates. ^[5] According to some sources, the Chalukyan administration was insufficiently centralized, and allowed too much freedom and autonomy to provincial rulers. ^[6]
No population estimates for the polity as a whole could be found in the literature. However, the capital, Kalyani, is estimated to have been home to between 50,000 and 125,000 inhabitants in the 12th century CE. ^[7]

[1]: (Kamath 1980) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana.

[2]: (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 91) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. A History of Karnataka. New Delhi: S. Chand.

[3]: (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 96) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. A History of Karnataka. New Delhi: S. Chand.

[4]: (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 92-94) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. A History of Karnataka. New Delhi: S. Chand.

[5]: (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 91-96) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. A History of Karnataka. New Delhi: S. Chand.

[6]: (Kamath 1980, 116) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana.

[7]: Christopher Chase-Dunn 2001, personal communication.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables

Religious Demography

1 Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers

3 Widespread Religion

1 Official Religion

1 Elites Religion

Religious Tolerance

1 Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions

1 Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

1 Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Government Restrictions on Religious Education

1 Government Restrictions on Public Worship

1 Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing

1 Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group

1 Government Restrictions on Conversion

1 Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings

1 Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature

1 Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion

1 Government Pressure to Convert

1 Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition

1 Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Broad

1 Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic

1 Moralizing Enforcement in This Life

1 Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted

1 Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife

1 Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Certain

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp) was in:
(974 CE 1055 CE)	Deccan

Home NGA: Deccan

General Variables

Identity and Location Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	43 P	973 CE 1189 CE
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Original Name	Chalukyas of Kalyani	973 CE 1189 CE
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Capital	Kalyana	973 CE 1189 CE
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Capital	Manyakheta	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternative Name	Calukya Empire	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternative Name	Kalyani Dynasty	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternative Name	Chalukyas of Kalyani	973 CE 1189 CE
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Temporal Bounds Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1076 CE ➜ 1126 CE]
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Duration	[973 CE ➜ 1189 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	973 CE 1189 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Hoysala Empire	973 CE 1189 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	973 CE 1189 CE
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Preceding Entity 753 CE 973 CE	Rashtrakuta Empire (in_rashtrakuta_emp) [continuity]
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Succeeding Entity 1108 CE 1346 CE	Hoysala Kingdom (in_hoysala_k) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	973 CE 1189 CE
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Language Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Dravidian	973 CE 1189 CE
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Linguistic Family	Indo-Iranian	973 CE 1189 CE
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Language	Kannada	973 CE 1189 CE
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Language	Sanskrit	973 CE 1189 CE
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Religion Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Hinduism	973 CE 1189 CE
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Religion Family	Saiva Traditions	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Hinduism	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Vaisnava Traditions	973 CE 1189 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[50,000 to 125,000] people	973 CE 1189 CE
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Polity Territory	[600,000 to 7,000,000] km²	973 CE 1189 CE
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Polity Population	[7,000,000 to 8,000,000] people	1000 CE
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Polity Population	[7,500,000 to 8,500,000] people	1100 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	973 CE 1189 CE
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Religious Level	[4 to 5]	973 CE 1189 CE
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Military Level	[5 to 7]	973 CE 1189 CE
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Administrative Level	[5 to 6]	973 CE 1189 CE
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Professions Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Merit Promotion	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Law Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Judge	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Court	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Bridge	- Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Information / Writing System Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Script	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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History	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Fiction	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Information / Money Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Foreign Coin	Uncoded Undecided	973 CE 1189 CE
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Article	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Information / Postal System Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Information / Measurement System Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Ditch	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Military use of Metals Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Iron	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Copper	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Bronze	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Projectiles Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Self Bow	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Crossbow	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	973 CE 1189 CE
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Handheld weapons Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Sword	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Spear	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Dagger	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Animals used in warfare Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Elephant	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Armor Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Shield	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Plate Armor	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Chainmail	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Naval technology Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	973 CE 1189 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Religious Demography Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Widespread Religion	1. Most widespread: Hinduism (Vast majority)	973 CE 1189 CE
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Widespread Religion	2. Second most widespread: Jainism (Sizeable minority)	973 CE 1189 CE
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Widespread Religion	3. Third most widespread: Buddhism	973 CE 1189 CE
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Official Religion	Saivist Hinduism	973 CE 1189 CE
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Elites Religion	Saivist Hinduism	973 CE 1189 CE
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Human Sacrifice Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Religious Tolerance Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups	very rarely Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups	never (absent) Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Religious Education	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Worship	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Conversion	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Pressure to Convert	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Chalukyas of Kalyani (in_kalyani_chalukya_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	973 CE 1189 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	973 CE 1189 CE
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