Home Region: New Guinea (Oceania-Australia)

Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial

1734 CE 1883 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial / PgOrokE

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Orokaiva Tribes] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1884 CE 1942 CE Orokaiva - Colonial (pg_orokaiva_colonial) [elite replacement]

General Description

The Northern Province of Papua New Guinea has long been inhabited by the Orokaiva. This is an umbrella term used to describe a number of culturally similar groups, including the Aiga, Binandele, Hunjara, Mambare, and Wasida. ^[1] Though these groups did not have an inclusive name for themselves until Westerners coined the label ’Orokaiva’, they distinguished among themselves as the river (umo-ke), saltwater (eva’embo), and inland (periho) peoples. ^[2] The Orokaiva were primarily subsistence farmers in the period under consideration (1734-1883 CE). ^[3] The first known contact with Europeans occurred in the 18th century, but the Orokaiva formally became part of a wider polity in 1888, when the British annexed the island. ^[3]
Population and political organization
The Orokaiva lacked central authority and hereditary leadership. The closest thing they had to leaders were big men (embo dambo) and elders, who commanded the respect of their neighbours due to their personal qualities, including their ability to make wise decisions and their skill in organizing ceremonies. However, they still lacked authorities with the power to issue sanctions. ^[3]
The number of Orokaiva at the time of Western contact is unknown. ^[3] In the early 20th century, the anthropologist Francis Edgar Williams estimated that the Orokaiva numbered around 20,000 people. ^[4]

[1]: (Reay 1953, 110) Reay, Marie. 1953. “Social Control amongst the Orokaiva.” Oceania 24 (2): 110-18. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FQKM3Z7S.

[2]: (Latham and Beierle 2004) Christopher S. Latham and John Beierle. 2004. Culture Summary: Orokaiva. New Haven: HRAF. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oj23-000.

[3]: (Latham and Beierle 2004) Latham, Christopher S., and John Beierle. 2004. “Culture Summary: Orokaiva.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oj23-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/V2AK2FR7.

[4]: (Williams and Murray 1930, 7) Williams, Francis Edgar. 1930. Orokaiva Society. London: Humphrey Milford on behalf of Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KUPJA2X4.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

8 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Volume Measurement System

1 Length Measurement System

1 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial) was in:
(1734 CE 1883 CE)	Oro PNG

Home NGA: Oro PNG

General Variables

Identity and Location Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	55 L	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Original Name	Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Umo-Ke	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Eva'Embo	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Periho	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Aiga	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Binandere	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Hunjara	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Mambare	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Alternative Name	Wasida	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Temporal Bounds Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1734 CE ➜ 1883 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Melanesia	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Orokaiva - Colonial	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	940,000 km²	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Orokaiva Tribes [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1884 CE 1942 CE	Orokaiva - Colonial (pg_orokaiva_colonial) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Language Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Papuan Languages	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Language	Orokaiva	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Religion Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[600 to 800] people	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Polity Territory	- Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Polity Population	- Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Religious Level	1	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Military Level	5	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Administrative Level	3	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Professions Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Law Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Judge	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Court	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Port	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Canal	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Bridge	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Information / Writing System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Script	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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History	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Fiction	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Calendar	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Information / Money Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Article	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Information / Postal System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Courier	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Fastest Individual Communication	- Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Information / Measurement System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Volume Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Length Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Area Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moat	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Military use of Metals Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Iron	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Copper	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Bronze	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Projectiles Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Sling	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Javelin	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Handheld weapons Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Sword	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Spear	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Animals used in warfare Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Donkey	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Dog	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Camel	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Armor Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Shield	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Limb Protection	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Leather Cloth	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Helmet	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Breastplate	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Naval technology Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1734 CE 1883 CE
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Human Sacrifice Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More