Home Region:  New Guinea (Oceania-Australia)

Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial

1734 CE 1883 CE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial / PgOrokE
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
[continuity; Orokaiva Tribes] [continuity]   Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.
1884 CE 1942 CE Orokaiva - Colonial (pg_orokaiva_colonial)    [elite replacement]


  General Description   The Northern Province of Papua New Guinea has long been inhabited by the Orokaiva. This is an umbrella term used to describe a number of culturally similar groups, including the Aiga, Binandele, Hunjara, Mambare, and Wasida. [1] Though these groups did not have an inclusive name for themselves until Westerners coined the label ’Orokaiva’, they distinguished among themselves as the river (umo-ke), saltwater (eva’embo), and inland (periho) peoples. [2] The Orokaiva were primarily subsistence farmers in the period under consideration (1734-1883 CE). [3] The first known contact with Europeans occurred in the 18th century, but the Orokaiva formally became part of a wider polity in 1888, when the British annexed the island. [3]
Population and political organization
The Orokaiva lacked central authority and hereditary leadership. The closest thing they had to leaders were big men (embo dambo) and elders, who commanded the respect of their neighbours due to their personal qualities, including their ability to make wise decisions and their skill in organizing ceremonies. However, they still lacked authorities with the power to issue sanctions. [3]
The number of Orokaiva at the time of Western contact is unknown. [3] In the early 20th century, the anthropologist Francis Edgar Williams estimated that the Orokaiva numbered around 20,000 people. [4]

[1]: (Reay 1953, 110) Reay, Marie. 1953. “Social Control amongst the Orokaiva.” Oceania 24 (2): 110-18. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FQKM3Z7S.

[2]: (Latham and Beierle 2004) Christopher S. Latham and John Beierle. 2004. Culture Summary: Orokaiva. New Haven: HRAF. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oj23-000.

[3]: (Latham and Beierle 2004) Latham, Christopher S., and John Beierle. 2004. “Culture Summary: Orokaiva.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=oj23-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/V2AK2FR7.

[4]: (Williams and Murray 1930, 7) Williams, Francis Edgar. 1930. Orokaiva Society. London: Humphrey Milford on behalf of Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KUPJA2X4.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial) was in:
 (1734 CE 1883 CE)   Oro PNG
Home NGA: Oro PNG
General Variables
Identity and Location Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 55 L Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Original Name Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Capital None (Absent Capital) Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Umo-Ke Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Eva'Embo Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Periho Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Aiga Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Binandere Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Hunjara Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Mambare Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Alternative Name Wasida Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Temporal Bounds Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Duration [1734 CE ➜ 1883 CE] Confident
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Political and Cultural Relations Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations none Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Supracultural Entity Melanesia Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Succeeding Entity Orokaiva - Colonial Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction 940,000 km2 Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Preceding Entity
CE
continuity; Orokaiva Tribes [continuity]    Update here
Confident
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Succeeding Entity
1884 CE 1942 CE
Orokaiva - Colonial (pg_orokaiva_colonial)   [elite replacement]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization quasi-polity Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Language Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family Papuan Languages Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Language Orokaiva Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Religion Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement [600 to 800] people Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Polity Territory - Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Polity Population - Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Largest Communication Distance - Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy 1 Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Religious Level 1 Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Military Level 5 Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Administrative Level 3 Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Professions Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Professional Priesthood Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Merit Promotion Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Examination System Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Law Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Judge Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
Court Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Irrigation System Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Food Storage Site Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Road Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Port Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Canal Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Bridge Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Information / Writing System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Script Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Nonwritten Record Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Mnemonic Device Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Sacred Text Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Religious Literature Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Practical Literature Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Philosophy Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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History Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Fiction Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Calendar Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Information / Money Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Precious Metal Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Paper Currency Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Indigenous Coin Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Foreign Coin Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Article Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Information / Postal System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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General Postal Service Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Courier Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Fastest Individual Communication - Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Information / Measurement System Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Weight Measurement System Uncoded Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Volume Measurement System Uncoded Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Length Measurement System Uncoded Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Area Measurement System Uncoded Undecided 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Modern Fortification Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moat Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Fortified Camp Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Earth Rampart Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Ditch Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Complex Fortification Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Long Wall absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Military use of Metals Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Iron Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Copper Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Bronze Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Projectiles Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Sling Siege Engine Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Sling Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Self Bow Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Javelin Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Crossbow Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Composite Bow Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Atlatl Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Handheld weapons Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Sword Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Spear Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Polearm Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Dagger Unknown Suspected 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Battle Axe Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Animals used in warfare Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Elephant Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Donkey Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Dog Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Camel Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Armor Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wood Bark Etc Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Shield Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Scaled Armor Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Plate Armor Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Limb Protection Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Leather Cloth Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Laminar Armor Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Helmet Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Chainmail Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Breastplate Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Naval technology Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Present Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Absent Confident 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Human Sacrifice Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial (pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
View all Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions
View all Power Transitions