Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

Hallstatt B2-3

900 BCE 700 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 fr_hallstatt_b2_3 / FrHallB

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 BCE 900 BCE Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

The Hallstatt culture, named after an archaeological site in Austria and traditionally divided into four phases, was the main cultural complex in Western Europe during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. It coincides with the North Alpine complex, extending over modern-day central and southern Germany, northern Italy, and Switzerland. ^[1]
Population and political organization
In the Hallstatt B period (c. 1000-800 BCE), ^[2] the North Alpine cultural complex gradually became incorporated in trade networks dominated by Greek and Etruscan settlements. Hallstatt chiefs mediated the supply of Mediterranean prestige goods in their own spheres of exchange. ^[1]
The average scale of integration of Hallstatt B polities extended to include land within a roughly 25-kilometre radius. ^[3] The maximal territorial extent of polities could be as much as 1000 square kilometres, as in the case of Wessex. ^[1]
In this period, a three-tiered settlement hierarchy can be discerned archaeologically. Previous units fragmented: new autonomous communities polarized around fortified sites, the proportion of which increased. Tumuli became a more noticeable feature in the Hallstatt B landscape, and iron-working activity became much more prevalent. ^[4]

[1]: (Brun 1995, 14) Brun, Patrice. 1995. “From Chiefdom to State Organization in Celtic Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 13-25. Cambridge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RZWRCEPH.

[2]: (CNRS-ENS 2017) CNRS-ENS. 2017. “Atlas de L’âge Du Fer.” Accessed July 7. http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/patlas. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HUKZMF9J.

[3]: (Brun 2007, 381) Brun, Patrice. 2007. “Une Période de Transition Majeure En Europe: De La Fin Du IVe Au Début Du IIe s. Av. J.-C.(La Tène B2 et C).” In La Gaule Dans Son Contexte Européen Aux IV e et III e Siècle Avant Notre Ère, edited by Christine Mennessier-Jouannet, Anne-Marie Adam, and Pierre-Yves Milcent, 377-84. Lattes: Edition de l’Association pour le Développement de l’Archéologie en Languedoc-Roussillon. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/D2ET47FZ.

[4]: (Brun 1995, 15) Brun, Patrice. 1995. “From Chiefdom to State Organization in Celtic Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 13-25. Cambridge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RZWRCEPH.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Trading Emporia

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Volume Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

1 Length Measurement System

1 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3) was in:
(900 BCE 701 BCE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Original Name	Hallstatt B	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hallstatt culture	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hallstatt	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Alternative Name	Atlantic Complex	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Alternative Name	North-Alpine Complex	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Alternative Name	Western Hallstatt	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[900 BCE ➜ 700 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---]	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Hallstatt	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Hallstatt C	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1000 BCE 900 BCE	Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Language Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Religion Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[250 to 500] people	900 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[500 to 1,000] people	800 BCE
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Polity Territory	[1,500 to 2,000] km²	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[2 to 3]	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Religious Level	1	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Military Level	2	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Administrative Level	[2 to 3]	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Professions Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Law Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Trading Emporia	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Information / Writing System Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Script	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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History	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Information / Money Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Article	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Information / Postal System Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Volume Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Time Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Length Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Area Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Military use of Metals Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Iron	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Copper	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Bronze	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Projectiles Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Handheld weapons Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Sword	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Dagger	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Camel	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Armor Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Shield	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Naval technology Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	900 BCE 700 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More