Home Region: Western Europe (Europe)

Hallstatt A-B1

1000 BCE 900 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 fr_hallstatt_a_b1 / FrHallA

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

2200 BCE 1000 BCE Atlantic Complex (fr_atlantic_complex) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

900 BCE 700 BCE Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3) [continuity]

General Description

The Hallstatt culture, named after an archaeological site in Austria and traditionally divided into four phases, was the main cultural complex in Western Europe during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. It coincides with the North Alpine complex, extending over modern-day central and southern Germany, northern Italy, and Switzerland. ^[1]
Population and political organization
Across Europe, thousands of small-scale polities coexisted in the Hallstatt A period (c. 1100-1000 BCE); ^[2] the average independent political unit controlled a zone with a radius of 20 kilometres. ^[3] Most settlements identified archaeologically consisted of dispersed farms gravitating around a significant monument, a village or a fortification. ^[4]
At this time, elites had control over long-distance exchange networks, which encouraged the production of bronze objects such as helmets. ^[5] These elites also distinguished themselves in death, as they were buried in elaborate complexes of tumuli, which could include protective walls, stone markers and even four-wheeled wagons. ^[6]

[1]: (Brun 1995, 14) Brun, Patrice. 1995. “From Chiefdom to State Organization in Celtic Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 13-25. Cambridge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RZWRCEPH.

[2]: (CNRS-ENS 2017) CNRS-ENS. 2017. “Atlas de L’âge Du Fer.” Accessed July 7. http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/patlas. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HUKZMF9J.

[3]: (Brun 2007, 381) Brun, Patrice. 2007. “Une Période de Transition Majeure En Europe: De La Fin Du IVe Au Début Du IIe s. Av. J.-C.(La Tène B2 et C).” In La Gaule Dans Son Contexte Européen Aux IV e et III e Siècle Avant Notre Ère, edited by Christine Mennessier-Jouannet, Anne-Marie Adam, and Pierre-Yves Milcent, 377-84. Lattes: Edition de l’Association pour le Développement de l’Archéologie en Languedoc-Roussillon. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/D2ET47FZ.

[4]: (Brun 1995, 15) Brun, Patrice. 1995. “From Chiefdom to State Organization in Celtic Europe.” In Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe, edited by Bettina Arnold and D. Blair Gibson, Cambridge University Press, 13-25. Cambridge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/RZWRCEPH.

[5]: (Allen 2007, 119) Allen, Stephen. 2007. Lords of Battle: The World of the Celtic Warrior. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F9D9PI8A.

[6]: Pare, Christopher FE. 1992. Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe. Vol. 35. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/XPKX7SNP.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

7 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

2 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1) was in:
(1000 BCE 901 BCE)	Paris Basin

Home NGA: Paris Basin

General Variables

Identity and Location Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 U	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Original Name	Hallstatt A-B1	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Capital	Unknown	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	European Bronze Age	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Late European Bronze Age	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Atlantic Complex	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hallstatt culture	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Hallstatt	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	North-Alpine Complex	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Urnfield culture	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	900 BCE
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Duration	[1000 BCE ➜ 900 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Hallstatt	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Hallstatt B	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 900 BCE 700 BCE	Hallstatt B2-3 (fr_hallstatt_b2_3) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 2200 BCE 1000 BCE	Atlantic Complex (fr_atlantic_complex) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Language Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Language	uncoded Undecided	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Religion Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100 people	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Territory	[750 to 1,250] km²	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Population	[100 to 1,000] people	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[1 to 2]	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Religious Level	1	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Military Level	1	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Professions Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Law Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Writing System Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Script	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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History	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Money Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present Uncertain	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Token	Absent Uncertain	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Article	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Postal System Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Military use of Metals Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Iron	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Copper	Present	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Projectiles Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld weapons Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Sword	Present	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Armor Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Shield	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Naval technology Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	1000 BCE 900 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Hallstatt A-B1 (fr_hallstatt_a_b1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More