Home Region: South China (East Asia)

Hmong - Early Chinese

1895 CE 1941 CE

D G SC WF

EQ 2020 cn_hmong_2 / CnHChin

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1701 CE 1895 CE Hmong - Late Qing (cn_hmong_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

The Hmong are an agricultural people who have inhabited southern China for about 2000 years. ^[1] Made up of several distinct cultures, they are also known as the ’Miao’, an insulting term that loosely translates to ’barbarians’ or ’bumpkins’. ^[2] The Qing Dynasty was marked by a series of Hmong uprisings, first in western Hunan from 1795 to 1806 CE, and then in Guizhou from 1854 to 1872. ^[1]
Population and political organization
Throughout most of Hmong history, Chinese governmental control was imposed indirectly through native headmen known as tusi, who were responsible for keeping the peace, tax collection and organizing corvée labour. ^[1] During the Republican period, the Chinese government attempted to assimilate the Hmong as much as possible and heavily discouraged displays of Hmong ethnicity. ^[1]
In 1954, the population of the Hmong was estimated at 150,000. ^[3] Secure population estimates for earlier periods are lacking but the Hmong may have numbered around 200,000 during the Qing Dynasty.

[1]: (Diamond 2009, 3) Diamond, Norma. 2009. “Culture Summary: Miao.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=ae05-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/Z9NGT72X.

[2]: (Fadiman 1997) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

[3]: (Graham 1954, 1) Graham, David Crockett. 1954. Songs and Stories of the Ch’uan Miao. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/TWKSXKI8.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

11 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2) was in:
(1896 CE 1941 CE)	Southern China Hills

Home NGA: Southern China Hills

General Variables

Identity and Location Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	48 R	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Original Name	Hmong - Early Chinese	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Capital	Nanjing	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Hmu	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Qo Xiong	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	A-Hmao	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Hmong	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Bai Miao (White)	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Cowrie Shell Miao	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Hei Miao (Black)	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Hua Miao (Flowery)	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Hung Miao (Red)	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Magpie Miao	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Alternative Name	Qing Miao (Blue/Green)	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Temporal Bounds Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1895 CE ➜ 1941 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Supracultural Entity	East Asia	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Peoples Republic of China	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	11,839,074 km²	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Preceding Entity 1701 CE 1895 CE	Hmong - Late Qing (cn_hmong_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Language Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Sino-Tibetan	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Language	Xiangxi	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Language	Qiandong	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Language	Chuanqiandian	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Religion Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Religious Level	1	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Military Level	2	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Administrative Level	2	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Professions Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Uncoded Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Law Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Judge	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Court	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Port	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Canal	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Bridge	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Information / Writing System Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Script	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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History	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Fiction	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Calendar	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Information / Money Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Article	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Information / Postal System Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Courier	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Fastest Individual Communication	- Undecided	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Information / Measurement System Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Modern Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Military use of Metals Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Iron	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Copper	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Bronze	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Projectiles Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Composite Bow	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Handheld weapons Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Sword	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Spear	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Dagger	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Animals used in warfare Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Armor Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Shield	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Naval technology Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1895 CE 1941 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Hmong - Early Chinese (cn_hmong_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More