Home Region:  Pakistan (South Asia)

Kachi Plain - Urban Period II

2100 BCE 1800 BCE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  pk_kachi_urban_2 / PkUrbn2
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
2500 BCE 2100 BCE Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

Displayed: 2000 BCE

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  General Description   The Mature Harappan culture, also known as the Indus Civilization, emerged around 2500 BCE and, from its core in the Indus and Saraswati Valleys, expanded to the Kachi plain and the Makran coast in the west, to Gujarat in the south, and to the foothills of the Himalayas and the northern borders of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the north and east. This civilization was characterized by the establishment of several large cities, most notably Mohenjo-daro, the largest of these centres and the one best positioned to control trade and communications throughout the region. Rather than being united by a single shared ideology, it appears that the Indus people had a wide range of beliefs and/or religions. [1] Around 1900 or 1800 BCE, the Indus Civilization began to decline, possibly due to environmental factors. [2]
Population and political organization
There is no clear or explicit evidence for the existence of rulers during the Mature Harappan period, though archaeologists have suggested a number of different possible ways its cities - or perhaps its entire territory - may have been governed, ranging from heterarchy to theocracy. [3] Certainly the Harappans could boast a well developed bureaucracy, as suggested by seals, tablets, and other inscribed artefacts. [4]
The scholarly literature does not appear to provide population estimates for the Indus Valley as a whole, but one source suggests a population of 100,000 for the largest Harappan city, Mohenjo-daro. [5]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 83-84) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[2]: (McIntosh 2008, 396-400) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[3]: (McIntosh 2008, 391-92) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[4]: (McIntosh 2008, 212) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[5]: (McIntosh 2008, 214) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2) was in:
 (2100 BCE 1801 BCE)   Kachi Plain
Home NGA: Kachi Plain
General Variables
Identity and Location Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 42 R Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Original Name Kachi Plain - Urban Period II Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Capital unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Alternative Name Mature Harappan Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years [2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Confident Expert
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Duration [2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Confident Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations none Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Supracultural Entity Indus Civilisation Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Succeeding Entity Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction [1,000,000 to 1,500,000] km2 Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Preceding Entity
2500 BCE 2100 BCE
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)   [continuity]  Confident Expert
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Succeeding Entity
1800 BCE 1300 BCE
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period (pk_kachi_post_urban)   [None]  Confident
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Degree of Centralization quasi-polity Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Language Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Language unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Religion Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement 100,000 people Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Polity Territory [100,000 to 170,000] km2 Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy [3 to 4] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Religious Level 2 Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Military Level [0 to 1] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Administrative Level [1 to 2] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Professions Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Professional Priesthood Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Professional Military Officer Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Merit Promotion Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Examination System Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Law Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Judge Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Court Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Irrigation System Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Food Storage Site Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Road Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Port Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Canal Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Bridge Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Information / Writing System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Script Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Sacred Text Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Religious Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Practical Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Philosophy Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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History Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Fiction Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Calendar Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Information / Money Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Precious Metal Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Paper Currency Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Indigenous Coin Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Foreign Coin Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Article Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Information / Postal System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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General Postal Service Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Courier Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Modern Fortification Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Fortified Camp Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Earth Rampart Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Complex Fortification Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Long Wall absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Military use of Metals Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Iron Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Copper Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Bronze Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Projectiles Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Sling Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Self Bow Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Self Bow Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Javelin Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Crossbow Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Composite Bow Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Atlatl Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Handheld weapons Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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War Club Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Sword Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Spear Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Spear Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Polearm Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Dagger Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Dagger Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Battle Axe Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Battle Axe Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Elephant Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Donkey Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Dog Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Camel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Armor Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Shield Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Scaled Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Plate Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Limb Protection Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Leather Cloth Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Laminar Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Helmet Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Chainmail Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Breastplate Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Naval technology Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
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Instability Data
Power Transitions
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