Home Region:  Pakistan (South Asia)

Kachi Plain - Urban Period II

2100 BCE 1800 BCE
D G SC WF RG EQ 2020  pk_kachi_urban_2 / PkUrbn2
Preceding Entity: Add one more here.
2500 BCE 2100 BCE Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)    [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

Displayed:



Learn more about polity border choices.
Hit enter after changing the year or setting the play rate.


  General Description   The Mature Harappan culture, also known as the Indus Civilization, emerged around 2500 BCE and, from its core in the Indus and Saraswati Valleys, expanded to the Kachi plain and the Makran coast in the west, to Gujarat in the south, and to the foothills of the Himalayas and the northern borders of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the north and east. This civilization was characterized by the establishment of several large cities, most notably Mohenjo-daro, the largest of these centres and the one best positioned to control trade and communications throughout the region. Rather than being united by a single shared ideology, it appears that the Indus people had a wide range of beliefs and/or religions. [1] Around 1900 or 1800 BCE, the Indus Civilization began to decline, possibly due to environmental factors. [2]
Population and political organization
There is no clear or explicit evidence for the existence of rulers during the Mature Harappan period, though archaeologists have suggested a number of different possible ways its cities - or perhaps its entire territory - may have been governed, ranging from heterarchy to theocracy. [3] Certainly the Harappans could boast a well developed bureaucracy, as suggested by seals, tablets, and other inscribed artefacts. [4]
The scholarly literature does not appear to provide population estimates for the Indus Valley as a whole, but one source suggests a population of 100,000 for the largest Harappan city, Mohenjo-daro. [5]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 83-84) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[2]: (McIntosh 2008, 396-400) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[3]: (McIntosh 2008, 391-92) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[4]: (McIntosh 2008, 212) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[5]: (McIntosh 2008, 214) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information / Writing System
Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Information / Money
Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2) was in:
 (2100 BCE 1801 BCE)   Kachi Plain
Home NGA: Kachi Plain
General Variables
Identity and Location Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Utm Zone 42 R Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Original Name Kachi Plain - Urban Period II Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Capital unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Alternative Name Mature Harappan Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Temporal Bounds Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Peak Years [2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Confident Expert
Loading...
Duration [2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Confident Expert
Loading...
Political and Cultural Relations Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Suprapolity Relations none Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Supracultural Entity Indus Civilisation Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Succeeding Entity Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Scale of Supracultural Interaction [1,000,000 to 1,500,000] km2 Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Relationship to Preceding Entity continuity Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Preceding Entity
2500 BCE 2100 BCE
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)   [continuity]  Confident Expert
Loading...
Succeeding Entity
1800 BCE 1300 BCE
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period (pk_kachi_post_urban)   [None]  Confident
Loading...
Degree of Centralization quasi-polity Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Language Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Linguistic Family unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Language unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Religion Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Population of the Largest Settlement 100,000 people Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Polity Territory [100,000 to 170,000] km2 Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Hierarchical Complexity Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Settlement Hierarchy [3 to 4] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Religious Level 2 Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Military Level [0 to 1] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Administrative Level [1 to 2] Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Professions Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Soldier Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Professional Priesthood Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Professional Military Officer Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Bureaucracy Characteristics Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Government Building Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Merit Promotion Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Full Time Bureaucrat Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Examination System Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Law Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Professional Lawyer Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Judge Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Court Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Specialized Buildings: polity owned Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Market Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Irrigation System Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Food Storage Site Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Drinking Water Supply System Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Transport Infrastructure Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Road Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Port Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Canal Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Bridge Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Special-purpose Sites Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Mines or Quarry Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Information / Writing System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Written Record Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Script Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Phonetic Alphabetic Writing Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Information / Kinds of Written Documents Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Scientific Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Sacred Text Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Religious Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Practical Literature Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Philosophy Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Lists Tables and Classification Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
History Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Fiction Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Calendar Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Information / Money Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Token Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Precious Metal Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Paper Currency Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Indigenous Coin Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Foreign Coin Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Article Present Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Information / Postal System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Postal Station Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
General Postal Service Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Courier Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Information / Measurement System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Wooden Palisade Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Stone Walls Non Mortared Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Stone Walls Mortared Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Modern Fortification Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Fortified Camp Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Earth Rampart Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Complex Fortification Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Long Wall absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Military use of Metals Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Steel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Iron Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Copper Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Bronze Present Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Projectiles Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Tension Siege Engine Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Sling Siege Engine Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Sling Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Self Bow Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Self Bow Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Javelin Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Handheld Firearm Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Gunpowder Siege Artillery Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Crossbow Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Composite Bow Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Atlatl Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Handheld weapons Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
War Club Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
War Club Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Sword Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Spear Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Spear Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Polearm Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Dagger Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Dagger Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Battle Axe Present Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Battle Axe Absent Confident Uncertain 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Animals used in warfare Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Horse Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Elephant Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Donkey Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Dog Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Camel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Armor Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Shield Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Scaled Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Plate Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Limb Protection Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Leather Cloth Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Laminar Armor Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Helmet Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Chainmail Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Breastplate Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Naval technology Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Specialized Military Vessel Absent Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Small Vessels Canoes Etc Absent Inferred 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement in This Life Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Moralizing Enforcement is Certain Unknown Confident 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
Loading...
Human Sacrifice Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)
Variable Coded Value Tags Year(s) See More
Crisis Cases
View all Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions
View all Power Transitions