Home Region: Pakistan (South Asia)

Kachi Plain - Urban Period II

2100 BCE 1800 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pk_kachi_urban_2 / PkUrbn2

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

2500 BCE 2100 BCE Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1800 BCE 1300 BCE Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period (pk_kachi_post_urban) [None]

Displayed:

Learn more about polity border choices. Map Modern Map only Opacity Year Play rate (y/s)
Hit enter after changing the year or setting the play rate.

General Description

The Mature Harappan culture, also known as the Indus Civilization, emerged around 2500 BCE and, from its core in the Indus and Saraswati Valleys, expanded to the Kachi plain and the Makran coast in the west, to Gujarat in the south, and to the foothills of the Himalayas and the northern borders of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the north and east. This civilization was characterized by the establishment of several large cities, most notably Mohenjo-daro, the largest of these centres and the one best positioned to control trade and communications throughout the region. Rather than being united by a single shared ideology, it appears that the Indus people had a wide range of beliefs and/or religions. ^[1] Around 1900 or 1800 BCE, the Indus Civilization began to decline, possibly due to environmental factors. ^[2]
Population and political organization
There is no clear or explicit evidence for the existence of rulers during the Mature Harappan period, though archaeologists have suggested a number of different possible ways its cities - or perhaps its entire territory - may have been governed, ranging from heterarchy to theocracy. ^[3] Certainly the Harappans could boast a well developed bureaucracy, as suggested by seals, tablets, and other inscribed artefacts. ^[4]
The scholarly literature does not appear to provide population estimates for the Indus Valley as a whole, but one source suggests a population of 100,000 for the largest Harappan city, Mohenjo-daro. ^[5]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 83-84) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[2]: (McIntosh 2008, 396-400) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[3]: (McIntosh 2008, 391-92) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[4]: (McIntosh 2008, 212) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[5]: (McIntosh 2008, 214) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Modern Fortification

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

2 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

2 War Club

1 Sword

2 Spear

1 Polearm

2 Dagger

2 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2) was in:
(2100 BCE 1801 BCE)	Kachi Plain

Home NGA: Kachi Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	42 R Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Original Name	Kachi Plain - Urban Period II Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Capital	unknown Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Alternative Name	Mature Harappan Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Temporal Bounds Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Expert
Loading...

Duration	[2100 BCE ➜ 1800 BCE] Expert
Loading...

Political and Cultural Relations Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Supracultural Entity	Indus Civilisation Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[1,000,000 to 1,500,000] km² Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Preceding Entity 2500 BCE 2100 BCE	Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1) [continuity] Expert
Loading...

Succeeding Entity 1800 BCE 1300 BCE	Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period (pk_kachi_post_urban) [None]
Loading...

Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Language Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	unknown Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Language	unknown Expert	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Religion Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100,000 people	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Polity Territory	[100,000 to 170,000] km²	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Hierarchical Complexity Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[3 to 4]	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Religious Level	2	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Military Level	[0 to 1]	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Professions Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Professional Priesthood	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Bureaucracy Characteristics Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Examination System	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Law Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Judge	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Court	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Food Storage Site	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Drinking Water Supply System	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Transport Infrastructure Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Port	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Canal	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Bridge	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Special-purpose Sites Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Information / Writing System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Script	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

History	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Fiction	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Calendar	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Information / Money Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Precious Metal	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Paper Currency	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Indigenous Coin	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Foreign Coin	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Article	Present	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Information / Postal System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

General Postal Service	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Courier	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Information / Measurement System Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Modern Fortification	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Fortified Camp	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Complex Fortification	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Long Wall	absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Military use of Metals Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Iron	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Copper	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Bronze	Present Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Projectiles Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Sling Siege Engine	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Sling	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Self Bow	Absent Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Self Bow	Present Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Javelin	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Handheld Firearm	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Crossbow	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Composite Bow	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Atlatl	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Handheld weapons Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

War Club	Absent Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Sword	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Spear	Present Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Spear	Absent Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Polearm	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Dagger	Present Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Dagger	Absent Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Battle Axe	Present Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Battle Axe	Absent Uncertain	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Animals used in warfare Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Elephant	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Donkey	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Dog	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Camel	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Armor Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Scaled Armor	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Plate Armor	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Limb Protection	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Laminar Armor	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Helmet	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Chainmail	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Breastplate	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Naval technology Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent Inferred	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	2100 BCE 1800 BCE
Loading...

Human Sacrifice Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More