Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Rome - Republic of St Peter II

904 CE 1198 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_st_peter_rep_2 / ItPapEM

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Rome - Republic of St Peter I] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1198 CE 1309 CE Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1) [continuity]

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General Description

The term "Papal States" was not adopted until around 1200 CE ^[1] ; at this time the polity of the Papacy at Rome was called the Patrimony of St. Peter, Republic of St. Peter or Land of St. Peter. The population of Rome languished at a relative historical low of 35,000 people throughout this period, which was marked by a high degree of fragmentation and sub-regional autonomy. Various areas of the Patrimony of St. Peter were virtually independent of the Papacy or subject to central authority only in a very nominal way. ^[2]
Through the 904-1198 CE period the polity, with its capital at Rome, was dominated by powerful families and a powerful foreign state. The Theophylacti, a noble family from Tusculanum, were the first of a number of aristocratic families who dominated the papacy. ^[3] In the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, the papacy was frequently at war with the German emperors, which caused serious destabilization of political authority in the Patrimony. ^[4] The German Emperor Henry III, became the de facto guardian of the papacy and the Patrimony. ^[5]
When Henry III granted the city of Benevento to Pope Leo IX this marked the furthest extent of (nominal) papal power until Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) began consolidating what would be called the Papal States. ^[6] It could be argued that the peak of the polity was under the Tusculan Reform Papacy c.1012-1036 CE because of internal and external stability and socioeconomic and (even if limited) demographic expansion.

[1]: (Vauchez 2010, 356) André Vauchez ed. Roma Medievale. Rome: Editori Laterza, 2010 [2001].

[2]: (Wickham 2009, 164) Chris Wickham. Early Medieval Italy. Central Power and Local Society, 400-1000. Ann Arbor, MA: University of Michigan, 2009 [1981].

[3]: (Marazzi 2001, 64) Federico Marazzi. "Aristocrazia e società (secoli VI-XI)," in Vauchez, ed., 41-69.

[4]: (Partner 1972, 231) Peter Partner. 1972. The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

[5]: (Kreutz 1996, 151) Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans. Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. College Park, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

[6]: (Kreutz 1996, 152) Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans. Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. College Park, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

4 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

2 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

2 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

46 Power Transition

Instability Events

32 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2) was in:
(904 CE 1197 CE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	904 CE 1198 CE
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Original Name	Rome - Republic of St Peter II	904 CE 1198 CE
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Capital	Rome	904 CE 1198 CE
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Alternative Name	Patrimony of St Peter	904 CE 1198 CE
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Alternative Name	The Republic of St Peter	904 CE 1198 CE
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Alternative Name	Papal State Early Middle Ages	904 CE 1198 CE
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Alternative Name	Land of St Peter	904 CE 1198 CE
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Temporal Bounds Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1030 CE
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Duration	[904 CE ➜ 1198 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---]	904 CE 1198 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Latin Christendom	904 CE 1198 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Papal State I	904 CE 1198 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	17,000,000 km²	904 CE 1198 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	904 CE 1198 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Rome - Republic of St Peter I [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1198 CE 1309 CE	Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	904 CE 1198 CE
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Language Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	904 CE 1198 CE
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Language	Latin	904 CE 1198 CE
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Religion Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	904 CE 1198 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	904 CE 1198 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	904 CE 1198 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	904 CE 1198 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	35,000 people	1000 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	35,000 people	1100 CE
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Polity Territory	14,000 km²	1000 CE
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Polity Territory	6,000 km²	1100 CE
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Polity Population	[300,000 to 1,250,000] people	1000 CE
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Polity Population	[300,000 to 1,115,000] people	1100 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	5	904 CE 1198 CE
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Religious Level	6	904 CE 1198 CE
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Military Level	6	904 CE 1198 CE
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Administrative Level	6	904 CE 1198 CE
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Professions Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Examination System	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Law Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Judge	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Court	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Port	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Canal	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Bridge	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Information / Writing System Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Script	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Philosophy	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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History	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Fiction	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Calendar	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Information / Money Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Article	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Information / Postal System Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Courier	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Information / Measurement System Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moat	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Long Wall	50 km Uncertain	904 CE 1198 CE
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Long Wall	85 km Uncertain	904 CE 1198 CE
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Military use of Metals Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Iron	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Bronze	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Projectiles Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Sling	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Self Bow	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Javelin	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	904 CE 1198 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Handheld weapons Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Sword	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Spear	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Dagger	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Animals used in warfare Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Elephant	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Donkey	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Dog	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Camel	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Armor Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	904 CE 1198 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	904 CE 1198 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	904 CE 1198 CE
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Helmet	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Chainmail	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Breastplate	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Naval technology Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	904 CE 1198 CE
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Human Sacrifice Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More