Home Region: Turkestan (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Timurid Empire

1370 CE 1526 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 uz_timurid_emp / UzTimur

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Chagatai Khaganate] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1526 CE 1858 CE Mughal Empire (in_mughal_emp) [continuity]

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General Description

The Timurid Emirate was a polity begun by Timur who was initially an amir within the Chagatai Khanate. ^[1] After taking power at Balkh in 1370 Timur maintained a nominal allegiance to the Chagatai khan while effectively ruling as an independent state. ^[2]
Timur’s brutal conquests over Persia and the sub-continent created a large empire covering about 5,500,000 square kilometers with a population of perhaps 49 million in 1400 CE. ^[3] In his desire to create a great empire, during his conquests Timur "rounded up craftspeople in all fields and sent them off to his capital at Samarkand. ... He assembled the most highly skilled manpower from many countries and traditions, an astonishingly rich assemblage of masters in virtually every field of the arts and crafts." ^[4]
Timurid government was a complex Persian-model professional bureaucracy which functionally distinguished between civilian and military branches of government. ^[5] The ruler was assisted by a vizier ^[4] who often stayed in his post after the previous Timurid amir had died. ^[6] The non-sedentary origin and culture of the rulers might be reflected in the departments of the Timurid diwan which were "concerned primarily with financial and bureaucratic matters, including chancery correspondence." ^[5]
In the regions "Timur was notably lax at establishing effective and loyal governments ... conquered lands had their own governing bodies ... he was content to leave them be." ^[4] However, (presumably closer to the center of the polity in Central Asia) there was governor or mayor called darugha ^[7] who owed his authority directly to the Timurid amir. ^[8] Timur’s descendants divided some of the Timurid territories into provinces, including Samarkand and Bukhara. ^[9]
Uzbek nomads eventually conquered the feuding provinces of the Timurid Empire. ^[9]

[1]: (Wise Bauer 2013, 558) Wise Bauer, S. 2013. The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. W. W. Norton & Company.

[2]: (Khan 2003, 33) A Khan. 2003. A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan. The Rosen Publishing Group.

[3]: (McEvedy and Jones 1978) Collin McEverdy. Richard Jones. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. Penguin Books Ltd.

[4]: (Starr 2013) Frederick S. Starr. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia’s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.

[5]: (Subtelny 2007, 68) Maria Subtelny. 2007. Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. BRILL.

[6]: (Subtelny 2007, 69) Maria Subtelny. 2007. Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. BRILL.

[7]: (Marozzi 2004, 141) J Marozzi. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.

[8]: (Marozzi 2004, 205) J Marozzi. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.

[9]: (Khan 2003, 35) A Khan. 2003. A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan. The Rosen Publishing Group.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

4 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

3 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

1 Occupational Complexity

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

8 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp) was in:
(1370 CE 1394 CE)	Sogdiana
(1394 CE 1470 CE)	Southern Mesopotamia / Susiana / Sogdiana
(1470 CE 1526 CE)	Sogdiana

Home NGA: Sogdiana

General Variables

Identity and Location Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	42 T	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Original Name	Timurid Empire	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Capital	Herat	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Capital	Samarkand	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Alternative Name	Timurid Dynasty	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Temporal Bounds Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1449 CE
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Duration	[1370 CE ➜ 1526 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	ir_jayarid_khanate nominal allegiance to uz_timurid_emp	1370 CE 1393 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	ru_golden_horde alliance with uz_timurid_emp	1370 CE 1395 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	ge_georgia_k_3 vassalage to uz_timurid_emp	1386 CE 1403 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	tr_qara_qoyunlu vassalage to uz_timurid_emp	1406 CE 1467 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Turko-Islamic	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Shaybanid Kingdom	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	8,500,000 km²	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Chagatai Khaganate [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 1526 CE 1858 CE	Mughal Empire (in_mughal_emp) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Language Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Turkic	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Language	Chagatai Turkish	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Language	Persian	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Religion Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Religion	Hanafi	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	150,000 people	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Polity Territory	5,500,000 km²	1400 CE
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Polity Population	49,000,000 people	1400 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Religious Level	[1 to 3]	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Military Level	[6 to 7]	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Administrative Level	6	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Professions Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Occupational Complexity	Uncoded Undecided	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Law Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Judge	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Court	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Canal	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Bridge	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Information / Writing System Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Script	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Philosophy	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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History	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Fiction	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Calendar	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Information / Money Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Paper Currency	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Article	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Information / Postal System Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Courier	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Information / Measurement System Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Ditch	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Military use of Metals Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Iron	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Copper	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Bronze	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Projectiles Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Sling	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Self Bow	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Handheld weapons Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Sword	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Spear	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Dagger	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Animals used in warfare Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Elephant	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Donkey	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Camel	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Armor Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Shield	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Helmet	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Naval technology Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1370 CE 1526 CE
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Human Sacrifice Timurid Empire (uz_timurid_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More