Home Region: Pontic-Caspian (Central and Northern Eurasia)
Golden Horde
1240 CE 1440 CE
Displayed: 1312 CE
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General Description
The Golden Horde – or Ulug Ulus (‘Great State’) – was originally a northwest sector of the Mongol Empire, which became one of four independent khanates after the fragmentation of the empire in 1259, led by the son of Ghengis Khan, Jochi.
Our Golden Horde polity begins in 1240 when Khan Batu, the grandson of Ghengis Khan, sacked and burned the city of Kiev, conquering and subjugating the region of the Russian steppe and its principalities.
The merging of the nomadic, shamanist, mongol-turkic Gold Horde, with the devoutly Christian and settled people of the Russian steppes, brought about many changes for both sides.
From the fourteenth century the Horde officially converted to Islam under the rule of Öz Beg (Uzbek) Khan
At its greatest extent, around 1330, the Golden Horde territory ran from the Carpathian Mountains to the steppes of Siberia, while the south bordered the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains and the Iranian territory of the Il-Khans.
[1]
[2]
[1]: “Golden Horde”. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VXQGWC6R
[2]: Atwood 2004: vii. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJXN6MZD.
Identity and Location
| 39 N |
| Golden Horde |
| Sarai Batu (also Sarai or Saray or Old Sarai) | |
| Sarai Berke (also New Sarai or New Saray) |
| Ulug Ulus | |
| Kipchap Khanate | |
| Ulus of Jochi |
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
| ru_golden_horde alliance with uz_timurid_emp | 1370 CE 1395 CE |
| ru_golden_horde nominal allegiance to cn_yuan_dyn |
| Preceding: Mongol Empire (mn_mongol_emp) [secession] |
Language
Religion
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Professions
Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Information
/ Writing System
Information
/ Kinds of Written Documents
| inferred Transitional (Present -> Absent) |
| Transitional (Absent -> Present) |
| inferred Transitional (Present -> Absent) |
| Present |
| inferred Transitional (Present -> Absent) |
| Present |
| inferred Transitional (Present -> Absent) |
| Present |
| Present |
Information
/ Money
| Unknown |
| Present |
| Transitional (Absent -> Present) |
| Present |
| Transitional (Present -> Absent) |
| Present |
| Present |
| Unknown |
Information
/ Postal System
Information
/ Measurement System
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables
Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences
Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions
Coding in Progress.
NGA Settlements:
| Year Range | Golden Horde (ru_golden_horde) was in: |
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Home NGA: None
General Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Utm Zone | 39 N | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Original Name | Golden Horde | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Capital | Sarai Batu (also Sarai or Saray or Old Sarai) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Capital | Sarai Berke (also New Sarai or New Saray) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Alternative Name | Ulug Ulus | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Alternative Name | Kipchap Khanate | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Alternative Name | Ulus of Jochi | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Suprapolity Relations | ru_golden_horde alliance with uz_timurid_emp | Confident | 1370 CE 1395 CE | ||||||||
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| Suprapolity Relations | ru_golden_horde nominal allegiance to cn_yuan_dyn | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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Preceding Entity
1206 CE 1270 CE
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Mongol Empire (mn_mongol_emp) [secession] | Confident | |||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Social Complexity Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Population of the Largest Settlement | 75,000 people | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Polity Territory | 6,000,000 km2 | Confident | 1310 CE | ||||||||
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| Polity Population | [400,000 to 600,000] people | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Largest Communication Distance | 300 | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Soldier | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Professional Priesthood | Absent | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Professional Military Officer | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Source Of Support | unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Merit Promotion | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Examination System | Present | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Irrigation System | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Food Storage Site | Present | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Drinking Water Supply System | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Communal Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Utilitarian Public Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Symbolic Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Knowledge Or Information Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Entertainment Building | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Special Purpose House | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mines or Quarry | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Trading Emporia | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Special Purpose Site | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Enclosure | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Ceremonial Site | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Burial Site | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written Record | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Script | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | Absent | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Nonwritten Record | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Non Phonetic Writing | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | Transitional (Present -> Absent) | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Sacred Text | Transitional (Absent -> Present) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Literature | Transitional (Present -> Absent) | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Practical Literature | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Philosophy | Transitional (Present -> Absent) | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Lists Tables and Classification | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| History | Transitional (Present -> Absent) | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Fiction | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Calendar | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Token | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Precious Metal | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Paper Currency | Transitional (Absent -> Present) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Indigenous Coin | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Foreign Coin | Transitional (Present -> Absent) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Article | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Store Of Wealth | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Debt And Credit Structure | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Postal Station | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| General Postal Service | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Courier | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Fastest Individual Communication | - | Undecided | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Weight Measurement System | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Volume Measurement System | Unknown | Suspected | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Time Measurement System | Present | Inferred | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Length Measurement System | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Geometrical Measurement System | Transitional (Absent -> Present) | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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| Area Measurement System | Present | Confident | 1240 CE 1440 CE | ||||||||
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)
Religion Variables
| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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Crisis Cases
Instability Data
Power Transitions