Home Region: Andes (South America and Caribbean)

Wari Empire

650 CE 999 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 pe_wari_emp / PeWari*

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

500 CE 649 CE Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3) [elite replacement]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1000 CE 1250 CE Cuzco - Late Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_5) [continuity]

General Description

Following a period of regionalization known as the Early Intermediate Period, two polities came to dominate the Andes. Tiwanaku (Tihuanaco, Tihuanacu) extended from its core on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca to the highlands of western Bolivia, northern Chile and southern Peru. ^[1] Meanwhile, the Wari (Huari) polity may have controlled an area incorporating much of the Peruvian coast and highlands. ^[2]
These two spheres of influence appear to have been united by a religious belief focusing on the cult of a ’staff deity’. ^[3] ^[4] This is manifest in the iconography of both polities, together forming the ’Middle Horizon’, a period characterized by the substantial spread of uniform material culture across this large territory between the 7th and the 11th centuries CE. ^[5]
The exact nature of the Wari phenomenon is debated. While some scholars are of the view that it was a centralized empire, others think it was a smaller state based in Ayacucho with small enclaves of power dispersed across the Andes. ^[6] The empire hypothesis describes Wari as a ’mosaic of control’: ^[7] regions with Wari architecture may have been under direct Wari domination while large cities that only exhibit Wari pottery and textiles may have been autonomous polities whose ruling class closely cooperated with the Ayacucho polity.
Pikillacta in the Cuzco Valley is one of the most prominent Wari-controlled sites outside of its core in Ayacucho. ^[8] This planned settlement spreading over 47 ha follows a strictly enforced grid pattern regardless of the topography. ^[9] The rectangular cells were interpreted variously as granaries, barracks or houses. ^[10] However, later excavations revealed that the city was composed of several interconnected sites performing different functions: there were administrative, ceremonial, residential, and defensive components. ^[11] This settlement appears to have been left unfinished and abandoned sometime before 1000 CE. ^[12] Beyond Pikillacta, the spread of Wari in the Cuzco Valley is limited, and local polities still controlled the western half of the valley. ^[13]
The capital of the Wari polity, also named ’Wari’ or ’Huari’, was more organically built: patios and galleries filled the empty spaces between compounds, and have been interpreted as elite residences and administrative buildings. ^[14] D-shaped ceremonial spaces were common in the capital but rare in the provinces, ^[15] and may have hosted rituals and sacrifices, as suggested by the trophy heads found at Conchopata. ^[16]
Population and political organization
Estimating the population under Wari control is problematic. The capital Huari, situated in the Ayacucho valley, stretched over 200-300 ha and may have housed between 30,000 ^[15] and 70,000 people. ^[17] Beyond Ayacucho, Wari architectural compounds only cover an area of a few hundred hectares; ^[6] the total population under Wari control may have been limited to 100,000-500,000. ^[13]
Proponents of the empire hypothesis hold the view that Wari controlled a territory of 320,000 square kilometres, extending from the core near Ayacucho to its provinces in the north (Moche) and to the south near Cerro Baul (Moquegua). ^[18] Other interpretations are more cautious; as Wari remains have only been found in the Ayacucho valley and small pockets of control beyond the core, its total territory was in no way comparable to that of the later Inca Empire and may have covered 10,000-50,000 hectares at most. ^[13]
What is known from archaeological surveys, however, is that four or five tiers of settlement existed: the capital may have controlled colonies situated around the major administrative centres of Pikillacta, Viracochapampa and Conchopata (40-50 ha). ^[19] On the third tier, towns such as Huaro, ^[20] Batan Orqo, Cerro Baul, ^[21] Jincamocco or Wari Willka may have been secondary centres (c. 10 hectares). Finally, villages and hamlets would have produced resources for these larger cities. ^[22]
In terms of political organisation, the Wari king may have held influence over client rulers or Wari nobles: royal tombs with Wari paraphernalia have been found at Huarmey in coastal Peru. ^[13] The Wari may have also had a military hierarchy, as suggested by the ceramic depictions of warriors with distinctive face paint, arms, dress, and shield motifs. ^[23]
The Wari left their stamp on technology and infrastructure in the Andes. Some archaeologists see them as the predecessors of the Incas, laying the foundations for the Inca road system; ^[24] however, this hypothesis is disputed. ^[13]

[1]: (Stanish 2003, 290) Charles Stanish. 2003. Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

[2]: (Bergh 2012, xiv-xv) Susan Bergh. 2012. Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes. New York: Thames & Hudson.

[3]: (Cook 2012, 65) Anita G. Cook. 2012. ’The Coming of the Staff Deity’, in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 103-21. New York: Thames & Hudson.

[4]: (Cook 2001, 158) Anita G. Cook. 2001. ’Huari D-Shaped Structures, Sacrificial Offerings, and Divine Rulership’, in Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru, edited by E. P. Benson and A. G. Cook, 137-63. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

[5]: (Isbell 2008, 731-73) William H. Isbell. 2008. ’Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon’, in Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman and W. Isbell, 731-60. New York: Springer.

[6]: (Covey et al. 2013, 538-52) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. ’Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)’. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52.

[7]: (Schreiber 1992, 29) Katharina J. Schreiber. 1992. Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.

[8]: (McEwan 2005, 157-58) Gordon F. McEwan. 2005. ’Conclusion: The Functions of Pikillacta’ in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan 147-64. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

[9]: (Covey et al. 2013, 540) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. ’Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)’. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52.

[10]: (McEwan and Couture 2005, 21-23) Gordon F. McEwan and Nicole Couture. 2005. ’Pikillacta and Its Architectural Typology’, in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan, 11-28. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

[11]: (McEwan 1991, 99) Gordon F. McEwan. 1991. ’Investigations at the Pikillacta site: A Provincial Huari Centre in the Valley of Cuzco’, in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 93-120. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.

[12]: (Glowacki 2005, 123) Mary Glowacki. 2005. ’Dating Pikillacta’, in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 115-24. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.

[13]: Alan Covey 2017, personal communication

[14]: (Schreiber 2012, 36) Katharina Schreiber. 2012. ’The Rise of an Andean Empire’, in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 31-46. New York: Thames & Hudson.

[15]: (McEwan and Williams 2012, 67) Gordon F. McEwan and Patrick Ryan Williams. 2012. ’The Wari Built Environment: Landscape and Architecture of Empire’, in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 67-81. New York: Thames & Hudson.

[16]: (Tung 2014, 246) Tiffiny A. Tung. 2014. ’Making Warriors, Making War: Violence and Militarism in the Wari Empire’, in Embattled Bodies, Embattled Places: War in Pre-Columbian America, edited by A. K. Scherer and J. W. Verano, 229-58. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Library.

[17]: (Isbell et al. 1991, 99) William H. Isbell, Christine Brewster-Wray and Lynda E. Spickard. 1991. ’Architecture and Spatial Organization at Huari’, in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 19-53. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.

[18]: (Schreiber 2012, 39) Katharina Schreiber. 2012. ’The Rise of an Andean Empire’, in Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan Bergh, 31-46. New York: Thames & Hudson.

[19]: (McEwan 2005, 1) Gordon F. McEwan. 2005. ’Introduction: Pikillacta and the Wari Empire’, in Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco, edited by Gordon F. McEwan, 1-7. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

[20]: (Glowacki 2012, 190) Mary Glowacki. 2012. ’Imperialismo en el Horizonte Medio: Una reevaluación del paradigma clásico, Cuzco, Perú’. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 16: 189-207.

[21]: (Moseley et al. 1991, 132) Michael E. Moseley, Robert A. Feldman, Paul S. Goldstein and Luis Watanabe. 1991. ’Colonies and Conquest: Tihuanaco and Huari in Moquegua’, in Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, edited by W. H. Isbell and G. F. McEwan, 121-40. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.

[22]: (Covey et al. 2013, 543) Alan R. Covey, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli. 2013. ’Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (c. AD 600-1000)’. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 538-52.

[23]: (Arkush 2006, 502) Elizabeth Arkush. 2006. ’Collapse, Conflict, Conquest: The Transformation of Warfare in the Late Prehispanic Andean Highlands’, in The Archaeology of Warfare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest, edited by E. Arkush and M. Allen, 286-335. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.

[24]: (D’Altroy and Schreiber 2004, 269) Terence N. D’Altroy and Katherine Schreiber. 2004. ’Andean Empires’, in Andean Archaeology, edited by H. Silverman, 255‒79. Oxford: Blackwell.

General Variables

Identity and Location

2 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

2 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

2 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables

Religious Demography

1 Theological Syncretism of Different Religions

1 Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers

4 Widespread Religion

1 Official Religion

1 Elites Religion

Religious Tolerance

1 Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions

1 Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

1 Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Government Restrictions on Religious Education

1 Government Restrictions on Public Worship

1 Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing

1 Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group

1 Government Restrictions on Conversion

1 Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings

1 Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature

1 Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion

1 Government Pressure to Convert

1 Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition

1 Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Broad

1 Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic

1 Moralizing Enforcement in This Life

1 Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward

1 Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted

1 Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife

1 Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites

1 Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Certain

Crisis Consequence Cases

2 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp) was in:
(650 CE 999 CE)	Cuzco

Home NGA: Cuzco

General Variables

Identity and Location Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	18 L	650 CE 999 CE
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Utm Zone	19 L	650 CE 999 CE
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Original Name	Wari Empire	650 CE 999 CE
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Capital	Wari	650 CE 999 CE
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Alternative Name	Wari State	650 CE 999 CE
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Alternative Name	Middle Horizon	650 CE 999 CE
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Temporal Bounds Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	800 CE
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Duration	[650 CE ➜ 999 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	650 CE 999 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Middle Horizon	650 CE 999 CE
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Succeeding Entity	PeCuzL1	650 CE 999 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	720,000 km²	650 CE 999 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	650 CE 999 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration	650 CE 999 CE
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Succeeding Entity 1000 CE 1250 CE	Cuzco - Late Intermediate I (pe_cuzco_5) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 500 CE 649 CE	Cuzco - Early Intermediate II (pe_cuzco_3) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	650 CE 999 CE
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Language Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Quechuan	650 CE 999 CE
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Language Genus	uncoded Undecided	650 CE 999 CE
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Language	unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Religion Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Religion Family	unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[30,000 to 70,000] people	650 CE 999 CE
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Polity Territory	[20,000 to 320,000] km²	650 CE 999 CE
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Polity Population	[100,000 to 500,000] people	650 CE 999 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	5	650 CE 999 CE
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Military Level	[3 to 4]	650 CE 999 CE
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Administrative Level	[2 to 5]	650 CE 999 CE
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Professions Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Uncoded Undecided	650 CE 999 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Uncoded Undecided	650 CE 999 CE
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Law Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Port	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Canal	Uncoded Undecided	650 CE 999 CE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Information / Writing System Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Script	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Disputed	650 CE 999 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Absent Disputed	650 CE 999 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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History	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Fiction	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Calendar	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Information / Money Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Article	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Information / Postal System Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Information / Measurement System Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Long Wall	absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Military use of Metals Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Iron	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Copper	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Bronze	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Projectiles Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Sling	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Self Bow	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Javelin	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Atlatl	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Handheld weapons Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Sword	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Spear	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Dagger	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Animals used in warfare Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Elephant	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Donkey	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Camel	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Armor Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Shield	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Plate Armor	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Helmet	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Chainmail	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Naval technology Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	650 CE 999 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Religious Demography Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Theological Syncretism of Different Religions	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers	Present Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Widespread Religion	1. Most widespread: Wari religion (Sizeable minority)	650 CE 999 CE
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Widespread Religion	Other: Tiwanaku Religion (Sizeable minority)	650 CE 999 CE
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Widespread Religion	Other: Moche Religion (Sizeable minority)	650 CE 999 CE
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Widespread Religion	Other: Nasca Religion (Sizeable minority)	650 CE 999 CE
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Official Religion	Wari religion	650 CE 999 CE
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Elites Religion	Wari religion	650 CE 999 CE
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Human Sacrifice Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Religious Tolerance Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups	unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups	never (absent) Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Religious Education	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Worship	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Conversion	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature	Absent	650 CE 999 CE
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Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion	Unknown Suspected	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Pressure to Convert	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Wari Empire (pe_wari_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	650 CE 999 CE
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