Home Region: Mongolia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Rouran Khaganate

300 CE 555 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 mn_rouran_khaganate / MnRourn

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

100 CE 250 CE Xianbei Confederation (mn_xianbei) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

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General Description

The Orkhon Valley lies either side of the Orkhon River, in north-central Mongolia. Between about 300 and 550 CE, it was under the control of the Rouran. Though these began as nomadic pastoralists like their predecessors the Xianbei and Xiongnu, there is evidence that by the sixth century CE they had transitioned to a settled, agricultural way of life, and from shamanism to Buddhism. ^[1] At their peak, they ruled over an empire comprising around 4,000,000 squared kilometers, ^[2] with a population of no less than 500,000. ^[3] This empire was divided into an eastern and a western wing, each ruled by a silifa, who were subordinate to the paramount ruler or khagan. ^[4] For ease of organisation, both the population and the army were divided into groups of hundreds and thousands. ^[5]

[1]: (Kyzlasov 1996, 317)

[2]: (Rogers 2012, 220-221)

[3]: (Kradin 2005, 165)

[4]: (Kradin 2005, 162)

[5]: (Kradin 2005, 154-155)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

2 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

2 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

2 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

3 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

2 Written Record

2 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

2 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

2 Sacred Text

2 Religious Literature

2 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

2 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

3 Fiction

2 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

12 Power Transition

Instability Events

15 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate) was in:
(300 CE 551 CE)	Orkhon Valley

Home NGA: Orkhon Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	NO_VALID_VALUE	300 CE 555 CE
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Original Name	Rouran Khaganate	300 CE 555 CE
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Capital	Mumocheng	300 CE 555 CE
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Alternative Name	Jujan	300 CE 555 CE
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Temporal Bounds Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[402 CE ➜ 429 CE]
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Duration	[300 CE ➜ 555 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	cn_northern_wei_dyn alliance with mn_rouran_khaganate	386 CE 534 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	unknown [---] Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Succeeding Entity	First Turk Khaganate	300 CE 555 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	300 CE 555 CE
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Preceding Entity 100 CE 250 CE	Xianbei Confederation (mn_xianbei) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	300 CE 555 CE
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Language Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Mongolic	300 CE 555 CE
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Language	Rouran	300 CE 555 CE
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Religion Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Buddhism	300 CE 555 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	300 CE 555 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	300 CE 555 CE
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Polity Territory	4,000,000 km²	300 CE 555 CE
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Polity Population	[500,000 to 1,000,000] people	300 CE 555 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[1 to 2]	300 CE 555 CE
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Religious Level	1	300 CE 499 CE
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Religious Level	2	500 CE 551 CE
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Military Level	4	300 CE 555 CE
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Administrative Level	4	300 CE 555 CE
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Professions Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 500 CE
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Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	501 CE 551 CE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Law Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Judge	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Court	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Irrigation System	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent Uncertain	300 CE 499 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Uncertain	300 CE 499 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Port	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Written Record	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Script	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Script	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Sacred Text	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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History	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Fiction	Present Uncertain	500 CE 555 CE
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Fiction	Absent Uncertain	500 CE 555 CE
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Calendar	Absent Inferred	300 CE 499 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	500 CE 555 CE
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Information / Money Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Article	Present	300 CE 555 CE
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Information / Postal System Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Information / Measurement System Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	300 CE 555 CE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Military use of Metals Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Iron	Present	300 CE 555 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Projectiles Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Self Bow	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Javelin	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Crossbow	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Handheld weapons Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Sword	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Spear	Present	300 CE 555 CE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Dagger	Present	300 CE 555 CE
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Battle Axe	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Animals used in warfare Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Elephant	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Camel	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Armor Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Shield	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Helmet	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	300 CE 555 CE
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Naval technology Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	300 CE 555 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	300 CE 555 CE
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Human Sacrifice Rouran Khaganate (mn_rouran_khaganate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More