Home Region: Siberia (Central and Northern Eurasia)

Sakha - Early

1400 CE 1632 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 ru_sakha_early / RuYakuE

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[population migration; Kurumchi Culture] [population replacement] Update here

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

The Lena River Valley, also known as Sakha, is a territory in eastern Siberia over four times the size of Texas. ^[1] One of the coldest places on Earth, it has been home to the Sakha people since at least the 13th century CE. ^[2] Cossacks first arrived in the 1620s, and after a long siege of a Sakha fortified settlement, the entire region was placed under tribute to the Russian czar in 1642. ^[3] The region remained under czarist control until the Russian Revolution, when it was one of the last Russian territories to be consolidated under the new regime. ^[3]
Population and political organization
Prior to Russian rule, the region was not politically centralized. Early Sakha communities were governed by lineage councils, clans, and elders rather than a bureaucratic state apparatus. ^[4] After the Russian occupation, the czarist administration imposed taxes and established an administrative infrastructure. ^[5] For most of the rest of its Russian history, the territory was controlled by governors under the umbrella of the czarist regime. ^[6]
It is difficult to find population estimates for Sakha. It was very sparsely populated, and according to one account of a late 18th-century expedition to the region, the district of Gigansk (in the Lena River Valley) had 4834 ’tributary natives’ in 1784 but only 1938 by 1789. ^[7] The account unfortunately does not provide figures for the entirety of the province.

[1]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 1) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[2]: (Gogolev 1992, 65) Gogolev, A. I. 1992. “Basic Stages of the Formation of the Yakut People.” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 31 (2): 63-69. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F428XZIE.

[3]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 2) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[4]: (Balzer and Skoggard 1997, 7) Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam, and Ian Skoggard. 1997. “Culture Summary: Yakut.” eHRAF World Cultures. http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=rv02-000. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/GD78HCEV.

[5]: (Jochelson 1933, 220) Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. The Yakut. Vol. 33. Anthropological Papers of the AMNH. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FTJS2I4W.

[6]: (Jochelson 1933, 224) Jochelson, Waldemar. 1933. The Yakut. Vol. 33. Anthropological Papers of the AMNH. New York: The American Museum of Natural History. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/FTJS2I4W.

[7]: (Sauer 1802, 112) Sauer, Martin. 1802. An Account of a Geographical and Astronomical Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia. London: T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies, in the Strand. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/WEZG6MTS.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

5 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early) was in:
(1400 CE 1642 CE)	Lena River Valley

Home NGA: Lena River Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	52 V	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Original Name	Sakha	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Alternative Name	Urangkhai Sakha	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Alternative Name	Yakut	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Temporal Bounds Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1400 CE ➜ 1632 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Siberia	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Czarist Russia	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	13,100,000 km²	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	population migration	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Preceding Entity	population migration; Kurumchi Culture [population replacement] Update here
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Language Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Altaic	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Language	Sakha (Yakut)	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Religion Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100 people	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Polity Population	- Undecided	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Religious Level	1	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Military Level	2	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Administrative Level	2	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Professions Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Law Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Judge	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Court	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Irrigation System	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Food Storage Site	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Port	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Canal	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Bridge	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Information / Writing System Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Script	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Absent Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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History	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Fiction	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Calendar	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Information / Money Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Article	Present Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Information / Postal System Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Courier	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Fastest Individual Communication	- Undecided	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Information / Measurement System Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moat	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Ditch	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Military use of Metals Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Unknown Suspected	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Iron	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Copper	Absent Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Bronze	Unknown Suspected	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Projectiles Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Sling	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Self Bow	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Javelin	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Crossbow	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Handheld weapons Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Sword	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Spear	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Polearm	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Dagger	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Animals used in warfare Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Donkey	Absent Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Dog	Absent Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Camel	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Armor Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Shield	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Limb Protection	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Helmet	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Chainmail	Present Inferred	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Naval technology Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent Disputed	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	1400 CE 1632 CE
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Human Sacrifice Sakha - Early (ru_sakha_early)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More