Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Neo-Hittite Kingdoms

1180 BCE 900 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 tr_neo_hittite_k / TrNHitt

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1400 BCE 1180 BCE Hatti - New Kingdom (tr_hatti_new_k) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

900 BCE 730 BCE Tabal Kingdoms (tr_tabal_k) [continuity]

General Description

After Hattusa was destroyed by fire ending the New Kingdom period of the Hittites ^[1] elements of the Hittite civilization lingered in peripheral areas of the former kingdom ^[1] which included the Konya Plain region. The primary region of the Syro-Hittite kingdoms was however in Syria. The small states lasted for almost 500 years and were culturally and politically prominent from c900 BCE until the last of them fell to the Assyrian king Sargon II between 717-708 BCE. ^[1] The cultural links between these kingdoms and the Late Bronze Age Hittite Empire can be seen in the iconography and architecture. ^[2]
In the 1180-900 BCE post-Empire period the region reorganized into city-states. ^[3] The earliest written records suggest there was no kind of federation, "each was entirely independent from the others, each had its own autonomous ruler." ^[4] The label ’Neo-Hittite’ applies to 15 states spread through south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. ^[5] Those present in the area around or on the Konya Plain were the following: Pisidia; Pamphylia; Lycaonia; Tabal; Cilicia (Hilakku and Que). ^[6]
Although there was some continuity with the preceding period major cultural changes occurred in the Neo-Hittite era. According to Bryce (2012) "Hittite cuneiform disappeared entirely. There is not the slightest trace of it in any of the Iron Age successor-kingdoms of the Hittites. One might reasonably suppose that along with the disappearance of the written language, Nesite also disappeared as a spoken one." ^[7] Although we do not have any historical records associated with this epoch, historians have speculated that the society of this era used the Hieroglyphic Luwian language. ^[8] ^[9] I. Yakibovich has suggested that the core area of Luwian population was located in central Anatolia, in the region of the Konya Plain. ^[10]
Many Neo-Hittite rulers took the titles "Great King" and "Hero" and it is likely an administrative centre existed in the central town. ^[11] At the better known Neo-Hittite site of Carchemish, in western Anatolia, a central bureaucracy is known which had scribes, clerks and other officials ^[12] ; although "Carchemish and probably Malatya apparently continued from their Late Bronze Age predecessors with little or no interruption" ^[13] which might not be the case for other lesser-known polities of the Neo-Hittite states.

[1]: (Bryce 2002, 9) T Bryce. 2002. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Bryce 2012, 47) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Thuesen 2002, 43) I Thuesen. 2002. "The Neo-Hittite City-States" in Mogens, H H ed. A Comparative Study of Six City-state Cultures: An Investigation, Volume 27. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.

[4]: (Bryce 2012, 52) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[5]: (Bryce 2012, 2) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[6]: (Bryce 2012, 32) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[7]: (Bryce 2012, 16) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[8]: (Popko 1999, 93-111) M Popko. 1999. Ludy i języki starożytnej Anatolii. Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog. Warszawa. pp.93-111

[9]: (Van de Mieroop 2008, 207) M Van de Mieroop. 2008. Historia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu ok. 3000-323 p.n.e. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Kraków.

[10]: (Bryce 2012, 17) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[11]: (Bryce 2012, 80) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[12]: (Bryce 2012, 54) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[13]: (Bryce 2012, 63) T Bryce. 2012. The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

5 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

Information / Money

Information / Postal System

Information / Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

2 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

2 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

9 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k) was in:
(1180 BCE 901 BCE)	Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 S	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Original Name	Neo-Hittite Kingdoms	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Capital	Unknown	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Early Iron Age in Central Anatolia	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Debut de l age du fer en Anatolie centrale	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Orta Anadolu da Erken Demir Cagi	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	wczesna epoka zelaza w centralnej Anatolii	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternative Name	Fruhe Eisenzeit in Zentralanatolien	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[1180 BCE ➜ 900 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Neo-Hittite	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Tabal Kingdoms	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 900 BCE 730 BCE	Tabal Kingdoms (tr_tabal_k) [continuity]
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Preceding Entity 1400 BCE 1180 BCE	Hatti - New Kingdom (tr_hatti_new_k) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Language Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Language	Luwian	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Religion Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Hittite Religions	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[12,000 to 18,000] people	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Territory	[300 to 700] km²	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Polity Population	[80,000 to 160,000] people	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Religious Level	[2 to 3]	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Military Level	4	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Administrative Level	4	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Professions Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Law Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Uncoded Undecided	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Judge	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Court	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Port	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Information / Writing System Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Money Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Postal System Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Measurement System Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Geometrical Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 1000 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1000 BCE 901 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moat	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Ditch	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Long Wall	unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Military use of Metals Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Iron	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Copper	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Bronze	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Projectiles Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Handheld weapons Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Sword	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Spear	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Dagger	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Donkey	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Camel	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Armor Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Shield	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Present	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Breastplate	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Naval technology Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Absent Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	1180 BCE 900 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (tr_neo_hittite_k)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More