Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Law

Professional Lawyer

Talking about law, no Descriptions IN Codebook.  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
professional_lawyer The absence or presence of professional lawyer for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Professional Lawyer   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
2
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
1776 CE 1864 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
3
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
1864 CE 1917 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
1867 CE 1918 CE
present
Confident No Edit
5
Gahadavala Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
6
Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity
-
present
Inferred No Edit
7
Hellenistic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
8
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
9
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
10
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
11
Kadamba Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
12
The Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
13
Pandya Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
15
Chalukyas of Badami
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
16
Early Merovingian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
17
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
18
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
19
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
Ghur Principality
-
present
Inferred No Edit
21
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
absent
Confident No Edit
22
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
23
Middle Merovingian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
24
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Proto-Carolingian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
26
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
27
Hoysala Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
28
Carolingian Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
29
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
30
Kampili Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
31
Carolingian Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Mahajanapada era
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
33
The Emirate of Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
Erlitou
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
35
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
36
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
37
Umayyad Caliphate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
38
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Confident No Edit
39
Early Cholas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
40
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
Northern Song
-
present
Inferred No Edit
42
Early Pandyas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
43
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Magadha - Sunga Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
45
Rum Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
46
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
47
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
48
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
49
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
50
Kingdom of Ayodhya
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
51
Qatabanian Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
52
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
53
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
54
Late Pallava Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
55
Yemen Ziyad Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
56
Gupta Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
57
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
58
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
59
Magadha
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
60
Late Mongols
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
61
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
62
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
63
Pandya Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
64
Proto-French Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
65
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
66
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
67
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
68
Tairona
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Badarian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
70
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
71
Naqada II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
72
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
73
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
74
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
75
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
La Tene B2-C1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
84
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
85
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
86
Archaic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
87
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Geometric Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Kannauj - Varman Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
90
Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
91
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
92
Egypt - Saite Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
93
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
94
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
95
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
96
Hawaii I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
97
Hawaii III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
98
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
99
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
100
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
101
Yisrael
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
102
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
103
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
104
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
105
Early Dynastic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
106
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
107
Ur - Dynasty III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
108
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
109
Ilkhanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
110
Elam II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
111
Parthian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
112
Parthian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
113
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
114
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
115
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Confident No Edit
116
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Japan - Incipient Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
118
Japan - Initial Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
119
Japan - Early Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
120
Japan - Middle Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
121
Japan - Late Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
122
Japan - Final Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
123
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
124
Kassite Babylonia
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
125
Bazi Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
126
Dynasty of E
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
127
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
128
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
129
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Inferred No Edit
130
Susiana B
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
131
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Susa I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
133
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
134
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Vijayanagara Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
137
Republic of St Peter I
-
present
Confident No Edit
138
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
139
Asuka
-
absent
Confident No Edit
140
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
absent
Confident No Edit
141
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
142
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
143
Bamana kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
144
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
146
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
147
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
148
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
149
Khitan I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
150
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
152
Uigur Khaganate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
153
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
154
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
155
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
156
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
157
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
158
Wari Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
159
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
160
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
161
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
162
Western Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
163
Chenla
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
164
Funan II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
165
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
166
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
167
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
168
Zungharian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
169
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Confident No Edit
171
Epiclassic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
172
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
173
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
174
Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
175
Toltecs
-
absent
Confident No Edit
176
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
177
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
178
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
179
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
180
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
181
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
182
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
183
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
184
Late Cappadocia
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
185
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
186
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
187
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
189
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
190
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
191
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
192
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
193
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
194
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
195
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
196
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
197
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
198
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
199
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
200
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
201
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
202
Ancient Khwarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
203
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
204
Koktepe II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
205
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
207
Kingdom of Jimma
-
present
Inferred No Edit
208
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
209
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
210
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
211
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
214
Ottoman Emirate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
215
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
217
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
218
Samanid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
219
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
220
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
221
West Burkina Faso Yellow I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
222
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
223
Sultanate of Geledi
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
224
Kingdom of Kaffa
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
225
Aro
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
226
West Burkina Faso Yellow II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
227
Formative Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
228
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
229
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
230
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
231
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
232
Kushan Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
233
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
234
Erligang
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
235
Longshan
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
236
Great Ming
-
absent
Confident No Edit
237
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Western Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
240
Western Zhou
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
241
Susiana A
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
242
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
243
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
244
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
245
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
246
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
249
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
251
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
252
Classical Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
253
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
254
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
255
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
256
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
258
Vakataka Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
259
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
260
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
261
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
265
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
266
Mali Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
267
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
268
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
269
Qajar
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
270
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
271
Sasanid Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
272
Sasanid Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
273
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
274
Susa II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
275
Susa III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
276
Segou Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
277
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
278
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
279
Rattanakosin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
280
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
281
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
282
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
283
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
284
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
285
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
286
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
287
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
288
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
290
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
291
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Inferred No Edit
292
Heian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
293
Kamakura Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
294
Nara Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
295
Warring States Japan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
296
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
297
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
298
Kara-Khanids
-
present
Inferred No Edit
299
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
300
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Late Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
302
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
303
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
304
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
305
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
306
Later Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
307
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
308
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
309
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
310
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
311
Archaic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
312
Aztec Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
313
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
314
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
315
Initial Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
316
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
317
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
318
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
319
Inca Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
320
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
321
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
322
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
323
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
324
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
325
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
326
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
327
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
328
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
329
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
330
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
331
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
332
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
333
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
334
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
335
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
336
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
337
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
338
Himyar I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
339
Himyar II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
340
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
341
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
342
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
present
Confident No Edit
343
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
344
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
345
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
346
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
347
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
348
Plantagenet England
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
349
Lombard Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
350
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
351
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
352
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
353
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
354
Post-Mauryan Kingdoms
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
355
Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
356
Chola Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
357
Sind - Samma Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
358
Satavahana Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit