Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Late Cappadocia

330 BCE 16 CE

D G SC WF

EQ 2020 tr_cappadocia_2 / TrCappL

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General Description

The Cappaodican kingdom began and ended in the hands of other more powerful polities in Asia Minor. The kingdom grew out of suzerainty to the Achaemenid Empire when Alexander the Great toppled the Achaemenids and largely bypassed Cappadocia ^[1] , but the kingdom eventually returned to being a province under the next greatest power, Rome, in the early first century CE. Even during the peak reign of Cappadocian kings, the polity was fought over and used by the kings of its neighbouring polities to strengthen their positions of power or to buffer their state against the ambitions of another. This happened to such an extent that Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus, placed both his nephew and son on the Cappadocian throne, only to kill the first to reinforce the claim of the latter, much to the antagonism of Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia at the time, who claimed his own right to a puppet on the Cappadocian throne. The incident resulted in the intervention of Rome who declared the ‘freedom’ of Cappadocia from monarchs (in theory) so that neither the kingdoms of Pontus or Bithynia could use Cappadocia for their own gains. The kingdom was then ruled by kings favoured by the Roman Senate until the death of Archelaus who was the last king of Cappadocia, places there by Antony.
As a result of Cappadocia’s relatively minor position during this time, very little textual (or other) direct evidence from the kingdom has survived. Numismatic evidence does give some detailed information about the chronology of kings, but even this is debated ^[2] ^[3] . Instead, much of what is known about the kingdom of Cappadocia comes from accounts of the foreign policy of its neighbours, particularly Rome at the time. The main historian who discussed Cappadocia was Strabo, and his accounts lack the detailed information on Cappadocia which other polities have ^[4] .

[1]: (Ansen 1988, 471) E M Ansen. 1988. Antigonus, the Satrap of Phrygia. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 37, H. 4 (4th Qtr.), pp. 471-477.

[2]: (Simonetta 1977) B Simonetta. 1977. The Coins of the Cappadocian Kings. Fribourg: Office du Livre.

[3]: (Dimitriev 2006, 286) S Dmitriev. 2006. Cappadocian Dynastic Rearrangements on the Eve of the First Mithridatic War. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 55, H. 3, pp. 285-297.

[4]: (Rostovtzeff 1941, 838) M Rostovtzeff. 1941. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, Volume 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

4 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

3 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 Sword

1 Spear

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

Armor

1 Shield

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

9 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2) was in:
(129 BCE 95 BCE)	Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 S	330 BCE 16 CE
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Original Name	Late Cappadocia	330 BCE 16 CE
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Capital	Mazaca-Eusebeia	330 BCE 16 CE
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Capital	Mazaca	330 BCE 16 CE
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Alternative Name	Cappadocia	330 BCE 16 CE
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Alternative Name	Cappadokia	330 BCE 16 CE
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Alternative Name	Kappadokia	330 BCE 16 CE
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Temporal Bounds Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[302 BCE ➜ 95 BCE]
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Duration	[330 BCE ➜ 16 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	nominal allegiance to [---]	330 BCE 16 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	330 BCE 16 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	personal union with [---]	330 BCE 16 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	vassalage to [---]	330 BCE 16 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Late Roman Republic	330 BCE 16 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	330 BCE 16 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Seleucid Empire [continuity] Update here
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	330 BCE 16 CE
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	330 BCE 16 CE
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Degree of Centralization	loose	330 BCE 16 CE
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Language Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	330 BCE 16 CE
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Language	Greek	330 BCE 16 CE
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Religion Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Polity Territory	130,000 km²	330 BCE 16 CE
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Polity Population	[300,000 to 400,000] people	330 BCE 16 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	330 BCE 16 CE
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Religious Level	4	330 BCE 16 CE
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Military Level	5	330 BCE 16 CE
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Administrative Level	4	330 BCE 16 CE
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Professions Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Merit Promotion	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Examination System	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Law Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Court	Absent Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Irrigation System	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Port	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Canal	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Bridge	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Information / Writing System Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Script	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Sacred Text	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Philosophy	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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History	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Fiction	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Information / Money Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Foreign Coin	Uncoded Undecided	330 BCE 16 CE
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Article	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Information / Postal System Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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General Postal Service	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Information / Measurement System Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Complex Fortification	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Military use of Metals Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Projectiles Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Sling	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Self Bow	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Crossbow	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Handheld weapons Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Sword	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Spear	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Animals used in warfare Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Armor Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Plate Armor	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	330 BCE 16 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Helmet	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	330 BCE 16 CE
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Breastplate	Present	330 BCE 16 CE
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Naval technology Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent	330 BCE 16 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Late Cappadocia (tr_cappadocia_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More