Home Region: Central Europe (Europe)

Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II

1649 CE 1918 CE

D G SC R CC

EQ 2020 at_habsburg_2

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1454 CE 1648 CE Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1) [continuity]

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General Description

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years’ War, the Habsburgs faced the task of consolidating their fragmented territories, this era was marked by a series of succession wars, reflecting the Habsburgs’ quest for territorial expansion and dynastic security.^[1]

The beginning of the period saw the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1714), a conflict over the vast inheritance of the Spanish Habsburgs. The war ended with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt, which, while ceding the Spanish throne to the Bourbon Philip of Anjou, granted the Austrian Habsburgs significant territories in Italy and the Netherlands, reshaping the European balance of power.^[2]

In mid-18th century the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) challenged Maria Theresa’s right to her father’s throne. Despite initial setbacks, including the loss of Silesia to Prussia, Maria Theresa confirmed her rule and laid the foundation for the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.^[3]

The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) further tested the Habsburg power, as Maria Theresa sought to reclaim Silesia and counter Prussia’s rise. This global conflict, stretching from the heart of Europe to distant colonies, ended without altering the Silesian status quo but significantly realigned international alliances, setting the stage for future confrontations.^[4]

At the end of the 18th century, the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778-1779) once again pitted the Habsburgs against Prussia, this time over the strategic region of Bavaria on the question of succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Teschen with only minor gains for the Habsburg monarchy.
^[5]

In the 19th century, the Habsburg Empire faced the challenge of Napoleonic France which resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the establishment of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Francis II became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.^[6]

The Congress of Vienna in 1815 which laid the foundation of the post Napoleonic order in central Europe. further redefined the Habsburg realm, securing its status as a great power.^[7]

The revolutionary period of 1848, with its calls for liberalization and nationalism, profoundly challenged the imperial status quo, revealing the deep-seated tensions within its multi-ethnic composition.^[8]

In response to these internal upheavals and the growing nationalist movements, “the Ausgleich” of 1867 with Hungary marked a pivotal compromise. This agreement gave rise to the Dual Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (“k. u. k.-Monarchie).

“The Ausgleich (“compromise”) reached with Hungary in 1867 was a major concession for Franz Joseph, and it created the so-called dualist Austria-Hungary that existed until 1918… The arrangement was dualist because it was not federalist. Rather than parceling out the monarchy into a structure in which the Austro-German lands, the Czech lands, Galicia, and Hungary-Croatia would all have roughly equal weight, it was divided simply into two, the Hungarian half and the Austrian half. This latter was not really called “Austria” but rather “Cisleithania,” meaning “beyond the Leitha River,” which was the border between Austria and Hungary. The formal name of the Cisleithanian half was “the countries and realms represented in the Reichsrat,” which gives some indication of the insubstantial basis for common identity of those territories. The governmental link between these two halves was also minimal. Foreign and military policy belonged almost exclusively to Franz Joseph. He retained the power to appoint and dismiss ministers, who thus had only a partial responsibility to parliament, and he could reject laws passed by the Reichsrat. There was a joint financial ministry and tariff regime. But details such as Hungary’s share of the budget could be renegotiated every decade, which led to repeated political conflicts in the years ahead, so dualism’s division of powers was by no means entirely clear. Nearly everything else was separate. There were distinct parliaments for the Cisleithanian and Hungarian halves, and each half had its own administrative, legal, and school systems. The realm was designated as kaiserlich (“imperial”) for the Austrian Empire of Cisleithania and königlich (“royal”) for the Kingdom of Hungary. In practice, dualism meant that the Austro-Germans dominated the other peoples in their half, and the Hungarians the other peoples in theirs. In many ways, Hungary’s weight within the Dual Monarchy only grew after 1867, thanks to economic advances that in turn fed into greater assertiveness on the part of the Magyar elite… Ultimately, even the Austro-Germans and the Hungarians disliked dualism. The former resented Hungarians’ disproportionate weight in the monarchy, while the latter constantly pushed for more autonomy and resisted any changes that would reduce their weight. And virtually all the other national groups detested the arrangement because it unfairly excluded them.” ^[9]

“By the summer of 1918 the Habsburg dynasty’s death knell was ringing… Karl presided impotently over the progressive hollowing out of the whole monarchical state until there was almost nothing left that he actually governed. At the end of October the nearly 400-year-old monarchy dissolved in a matter of weeks. Karl issued a proposal for federalization on 16 October, but he and his idea were already irrelevant by that point. Gyula Andrássy, the last foreign minister of Austria-Hungary, said that the implicit logic behind the final, futile moves taken by the leadership was that “so that no one can kill us, we’ll commit suicide.” The initiative was instead firmly in the hands of the various national groups. On 18 October Romanians in Hungary called for union with the Kingdom of Romania. On the 21st the Germans of the monarchy declared their right to self-determination. On the 28th the Czech National Council declared independence, and on the 30th the new Czechoslovakia was officially formed. On the 29th the Croatian parliament formally dissolved its connections to Austria and Hungary and pledged to join the new Yugoslav kingdom. On the 31st the Ruthenians in Galicia announced their secession. On 1 November the Hungarians proclaimed their ties to the monarchy ended, followed ten days later by Galicia joining the new Polish republic. As all this was happening, Karl was still working at his desk in Schönbrunn, but the palace was mostly empty. Only a few loyal servants remained, since even his bodyguards had left. Finally on 11 November Karl signed papers that he was “temporarily” giving up his powers. He never formally abdicated but went into exile, first in Switzerland. Karl twice tried to retake the throne in Hungary in 1921, but after these unsuccessful attempts he was removed by the British to Madeira, where he died in 1922.”^[10]

[1]: Arndt, Der Dreißigjährige Krieg. Zotero link: PULFEDKX

[2]: Schnettger, Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg. Zotero link: HK6DTTSH

[3]: (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kriegsarchiv) Zotero link: WC966X6J

[4]: Danley and Speelman, The Seven Years’ War. Zotero link: AE3M256H

[5]: Michael Kotulla, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495 - 1934). Zotero link: U84B9DNB

[6]: “Germany - Prussia, Napoleon, Reunification | Britannica.” Zotero link: F52JWVA3

[7]: Heinz Duchhardt, Der Wiener Kongress: die Neugestaltung Europas 1814/15. Zotero link: KQ7ZZYPE

[8]: Dowe, Haupt, and Langewiesche, Europa 1848. Zotero link: ZDEFI38W

[9]: Berger, Der Österreichisch-ungarische Ausgleich von 1867. Zotero link: 7SEQIFJ2

[10]: “Das Ende der Monarchie,” Die Welt der Habsburger, accessed February 4, 2024, https://www.habsburger.net/de/kapitel/das-ende-der-monarchie. Zotero link: G9K39WS5

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

8 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

4 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

4 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

3 Source Of Support

Bureaucracy Characteristics

2 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

2 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

2 Professional Lawyer

2 Judge

2 Formal Legal Code

2 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Communal Building

1 Symbolic Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

2 Entertainment Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

2 Mines or Quarry

1 Trading Emporia

1 Special Purpose Site

1 Enclosure

1 Ceremonial Site

1 Burial Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

2 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

2 Philosophy

2 Lists Tables and Classification

2 History

2 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

2 Paper Currency

2 Indigenous Coin

1 Article

1 Store Of Wealth

2 Debt And Credit Structure

Information / Postal System

2 Postal Station

2 General Postal Service

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

2 Weight Measurement System

2 Volume Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

2 Length Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

2 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

Military use of Metals

Projectiles

Handheld weapons

Animals used in warfare

Armor

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

3 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

11 Power Transition

Instability Events

84 Instability Event

General Variables

Identity and Location Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 N	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Original Name	Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Capital	Vienna	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Capital	Budapest [Buda]	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Alternative Name	Habsburg Monarchy	1649 CE 1804 CE
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Alternative Name	Empire of Austria	1804 CE 1867 CE
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Alternative Name	Kaisertum Österreich	1804 CE 1867 CE
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Alternative Name	Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Alternative Name	Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Alternative Name	Austro-Hungarian Monarchy	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Alternative Name	k. u. k.-Monarchie	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Alternative Name	Dual Monarchy	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Temporal Bounds Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1780 CE ➜ 1790 CE]
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Duration	[1649 CE ➜ 1918 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Interwar Austria	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Preceding Entity 1454 CE 1648 CE	Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Language Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Language	German	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Religion Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Christianity	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Religion Family	Catholicism	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	250,000 people	1817 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	357,000 people	1848 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	758,807 people	1873 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	2,000,000 people	1910 CE
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Polity Territory	673,396,908 km²	1790 CE
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Polity Population	26,000,000 people	1790 CE
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Polity Population	30,000,000 people	1815 CE
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Polity Population	34,000,000 people	1848 CE
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Polity Population	51,390,000 people	1910 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	1720	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	5	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Religious Level	6	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Military Level	17	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Administrative Level	8	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Professions Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Source Of Support	salary	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Source Of Support	salary	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Source Of Support	enoblement	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Specialized Government Building	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Examination System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Law Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Professional Lawyer	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Judge	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Judge	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Court	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Court	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Communal Building	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Symbolic Building	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Knowledge Or Information Building	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Entertainment Building	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Entertainment Building	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Port	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Bridge	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Mines or Quarry	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Trading Emporia	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Special Purpose Site	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Enclosure	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Ceremonial Site	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Burial Site	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Information / Writing System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Script	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Scientific Literature	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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History	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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History	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Fiction	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Fiction	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Calendar	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Information / Money Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent Inferred	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Paper Currency	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Paper Currency	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Article	Absent Inferred	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Store Of Wealth	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Information / Postal System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Postal Station	Transitional (Absent -> Present)	1649 CE 1918 CE
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General Postal Service	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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General Postal Service	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Fastest Individual Communication	0	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Information / Measurement System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Weight Measurement System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Volume Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Volume Measurement System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Time Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Length Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Length Measurement System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Geometrical Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Area Measurement System	Present	1867 CE 1918 CE
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Area Measurement System	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1649 CE 1918 CE
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Human Sacrifice Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More