No General Descriptions provided.
| [20,236 to 28,068] people | 1878 CE 1884 CE |
| [31,194 to 40,205] people | 1890 CE 1896 CE |
| 16,705 km2 |
| 69,800 people | 1860 CE |
| 56,897 people | 1872 CE |
| Year Range | Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period (us_hawaii_k) was in: |
|---|
“Honolulu, with the best harbor in the group, serving a rich and productive area, attracted the trading ships and became the commercial metropolis of the kingdom, and finally also the political capital. The growth of trade at Honolulu in the early decades of the nineteenth century caused the establishment of some facilities in the harbor, such as wharves and a shipyard.” [1] Language “It was after the death of Kamehameha I in 1819 that the first major changes in the Hawaiian political system occurred… In consequence, a major step of hybridization took place as the Hawaiian language was brought into written form and the term kānāwai began to be used for printed laws enacted by Ka’ahumanu in Kauikeaouli’s name… At the same time, many orally transmitted classical kānāwai, such as those regulating resource management, remained in force. The main political institutions of the classical system such as the ‘aha ali‘i, and the kālaimoku (prime minister), as well as the kia‘āina in their partly British-style hybridization, remained largely unchanged during the early Christian period.” [2] “In 1882, the power of appointment was vested in the governors of the four islands. Designated courts of no record, the proceedings were in the Hawaiian language… No systematic provisions were made for translating court proceedings into English or any other language until the 1885 treaty with Japan.” [3]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 19) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Gonschor 2019: 24-25) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
[3]: (Beechert 1985: 45-46) Beechert, Edward D. 1985. Working in Hawaii: A Labour History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/338XH58H
City & County of Honolulu :Population counts from missionary censuses of 1831-1832 and 1835-1836, censuses conducted by the Hawaiian government from 1850 to 1896, and censuses by the U.S. Bureau of the Census beginning in 1900. Data for 1831-1896 are on a de facto or unspecified basis; data for 1900 and later years are resident totals, including armed forces stationed in Hawaii. Based on county boundaries established in 1905 and 1909]. [Schmitt 1977]
in squared kilometers. Hawaii “consists of eight main islands and numerous smaller islets of coral and volcanic origin. Situated in the central Pacific Ocean, 2400 miles from San Francisco, the Hawaiian archipelago has an area of 6,450 sq. mi.” [1]
[1]: (Čuhaj 2012: 1213) Čuhaj, George S. ed. 2012. Standard Catalog of World Coins. 1801-1900. Iowa: Krause Publications. http://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000unse_n7n9. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GL3FWWA9
People. “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas there were three censuses, in 1860, 1866, and 1872. Summarized in the table below [reflected in above coding], they show the trend of population. It is believed that Hawaii’s total population reached its lowest point about 1875 or 1876. Before the next census year, 1878, it began the long upward climb that continued for many decades. But the Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian group did not get to its lowest point until long after 1878.” [1] While the population of Caucasian, Chinese and ‘Other’ inhabitants grew significantly during 1860-1872, the population of Hawaiians fell from 66,984 in 1860 to 51,531 in 1872. [2]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 177-178) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Kuykendall 1938: 177) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
People. “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas there were three censuses, in 1860, 1866, and 1872. Summarized in the table below [reflected in above coding], they show the trend of population. It is believed that Hawaii’s total population reached its lowest point about 1875 or 1876. Before the next census year, 1878, it began the long upward climb that continued for many decades. But the Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian group did not get to its lowest point until long after 1878.” [1] While the population of Caucasian, Chinese and ‘Other’ inhabitants grew significantly during 1860-1872, the population of Hawaiians fell from 66,984 in 1860 to 51,531 in 1872. [2]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 177-178) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Kuykendall 1938: 177) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
levels.“The first author to examine the evolution of classical Hawaiian political system in the explicit context of its further evolution as a modern state in the nineteenth century is Kamanamaikalani Beamer. In his 2014 book, Beamer identifies three main traditional principles of governance that shaped the classical Hawaiian polity. First was the mō‘ī, a supreme ruler at the head of each polity, a hereditary position that carried not only effective political power but also high rank sanctioned by mana (spiritual power). Unlike the Proto-Polynesian term *‘ariki (tribal chief) and in its derivative form ali‘i (noble class) in classical Hawai‘i, the Hawaiian neologism mō‘ī can be safely translated into English as “monarch”—albeit carrying the same cautions as the terms “king,” “emperor,” and the like as translations for the titles of the rulers of other non- Western polities. The most basic prerequisite for becoming mō‘ī was to be a member of the ‘aha ali‘i (council of chiefs), an institution assembling the higher-ranking members of the chiefly class that was of divine origins and that would also serve as principal advisory body to the mō‘ī (Fornander 1996, 28–29). Below the mō‘ī, the government apparatus of a classical Hawaiian polity included various office holders. Besides various specialized personal attendants, these included the kuhina (executive counselors) of the ruler and, most important among them, the kuhina nui (chief executive), who in turn presided over kia‘āina (governors) (Keauokalani 1932, 132–133, 146–147) .” [1] : 1. mō‘ī (king/monarch) :: 2. kuhina nui (chief executive) ::: 3. kuhina (executive counsellors) :::: 4. kia‘āina (governors)
[1]: (Gonschor 2019: 20)Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
“The hotel was but one of the building operations carried on by the government in the reign of Kamehameha V. Comparable in scope was the erection of the government office and legislative building, Aliiolani Hale. Its construction was related to plans for a new royal palace. For a new palace the legislature of 1866 appropriated $40,000. A site was selected in the Makiki district and part of the land purchased, but various circumstances prevented the carrying on of the project, although the legis- latures of 1868 and 1870 each appropriated $60,000 and that of 1872 appropriated $50,000 for the purpose. The 1870 session furthermore appropriated $60,000 for ‘New Government Offices’.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“One of the speakers at the first meeting of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society in April 1850 was Judge William Lee, formerly of New York. He reported on a bill before the legislature (which he himself had probably authored) which would provide the solution to both Hawaiian idleness and the quantities of labor needed for land development.” [1]
[1]: (Beechert 1985: 41) Beechert, Edward D. 1985. Working in Hawaii: A Labour History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/338XH58H
“A ‘Declaration of Rights and the Laws of 1839’ provided the first criminal and civil code and the first regularization of taxation for the Hawaiian people. It has also been considered the first Hawaiian constitution. In many respects, the promulgation of the constitution of 1840, together with the legislation of 1841, completed the transformation of the Hawaiian system into a capitalist political economy with vestigial remains of the highly stratified system of ancient Hawaii.” [1] “In the Civil Code, compilation of which was provided for by the legislature of 1856 and which was enacted in the legislative session of 1858-59, the earlier postal laws (of 1846, 1851, and 1854) were revised, expanded, and codified as sections 397-415 of the Code.” [2]
[1]: (Beechert 1985: 25) Beechert, Edward D. 1985. Working in Hawaii: A Labour History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/338XH58H
[2]: (Kuykendall 1938: 32) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“An emerging judiciary system supported the new constitution and subsequent legislation. Established informally in 1829, district courts were made part of the constitutional system in 1840, drawing heavily upon American legal practice and, to some extent, the common law of Great Britain. To this rudimentary system was added a Judiciary Department in 1847 with three levels of courts. District courts, staffed with Hawaiian speaking magistrates, were established in twenty six districts. Not a court of record, the district court was the primary jurisdiction for the newly defined laborer - the Hawaiian commoner. All misdemeanors and civil matters involving a value of one hundred dollars or less came to this court. Circuit courts and a supreme court completed the judiciary system. These legal developments officially ended the traditional structure of Hawaiian authority. The chiefs thus became an upper class without special power. Their function in society was left in limbo and their legal functions had been usurped by a code of laws and authorities responsible to a central government in which the chiefs had no ascribed role.” [1]
[1]: (Beechert 1985: 25) Beechert, Edward D. 1985. Working in Hawaii: A Labour History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/338XH58H
“In field practice, the greatest forward step was the introduction of irrigation. Periods of drouth had been one of the un- predictable hazards of the business and in some years had caused serious losses. The first extensive use of irrigation was on the Lihue plantation on Kauai, where a ditch about ten miles long, with tunnels included, was dug in 1856 under the supervision of William H. Rice, manager of the plantation. In succeeding years, the ditch was lengthened, and the supply of water thus obtained saved the plantation from failure. A visitor to Maui in the spring of 1863 observed ditches ‘cut along the foot of the hills, for conveying the waters of the mountain streams’ to the sugar plantations in the vicinity of Wailuku. In 1866, a ‘broad and deep ditch, four miles long’ was dug to bring water onto the Waihee (or Lewers) plantation in the same district. Manager of this plantation was Samuel T. Alexander who, at a later time, with Henry P. Baldwin constructed the much greater Hamakua ditch on the same island. References to irrigation are not numerous, but it is evident that the practice was adopted on other plantations [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 144) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Churches; barracks; prisons; post office; customhouses; warehouses; schoolhouses; insane asylum; quarantine building. “By 1870, when the Hawaiian Evangelical Association observed with a great jubilee celebration the fiftieth anniversary of the coming of the first group of missionaries, there were fifty-eight churches in the association, with a membership of 14,850, approximately one-fourth of the whole population of the kingdom.” [1] “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas and Lunalilo, approximately a million dollars were spent by the government on public works. The Hawaiian Hotel and Aliiolani Hale accounted for about a quarter of that sum. One hundred and eighty thousand dollars went into the construction of buildings of lesser magnitude—lIolani Barracks, a new prison, Royal Mausoleum, post office, customhouses, warehouses, schoolhouses, insane asylum, quarantine building.” [2]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 100) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Barracks; prisons; post office; customhouses; warehouses; schoolhouses; insane asylum; quarantine building “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas and Lunalilo, approximately a million dollars were spent by the government on public works. The Hawaiian Hotel and Aliiolani Hale accounted for about a quarter of that sum. One hundred and eighty thousand dollars went into the construction of buildings of lesser magnitude—lIolani Barracks, a new prison, Royal Mausoleum, post office, customhouses, warehouses, schoolhouses, insane asylum, quarantine building.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Churches. “The funeral of Kamehameha III was held on January 10, 1855. On the following day occurred the formal inauguration of Kamehameha IV in an impressive ceremony in Kawaiahao Church.” [1] “By 1870, when the Hawaiian Evangelical Association observed with a great jubilee celebration the fiftieth anniversary of the coming of the first group of missionaries, there were fifty-eight churches in the association, with a membership of 14,850, approximately one-fourth of the whole population of the kingdom.” [2]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 34) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Kuykendall 1938: 100) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Museums; schools; “Along similar lines of collecting and disseminating knowledge of Oceania, the Hawaiian National Museum, founded by Kamehameha V in 1872, was explicitly reconceptualized as a pan-Oceanian institution in the 1880s (Kamehiro 2009, 101). According to Mellen, in April 1882, shortly before his appointment as premier, Gibson advocated in the legislature for a museum ‘for the preservation of Polynesian literature and culture’ (1958, 119).” [1] “Furthermore, in February 1883, the king had Charles Bishop removed as president of the Board of Education, in which capacity he had continued to cause damage to the country’s development by promoting only mediocre education at the kingdom’s public schools while trying to contain high-level scholarship to the children of the Missionary Party and their affiliates (Goodyear-Ka’ōpua 2014).” [2]
[1]: (Gonschor 2019: 94) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
[2]: (Gonschor 2019: 89) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
Barracks; prisons; post office; customhouses; warehouses; schoolhouses; insane asylum; quarantine building “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas and Lunalilo, approximately a million dollars were spent by the government on public works. The Hawaiian Hotel and Aliiolani Hale accounted for about a quarter of that sum. One hundred and eighty thousand dollars went into the construction of buildings of lesser magnitude—lIolani Barracks, a new prison, Royal Mausoleum, post office, customhouses, warehouses, schoolhouses, insane asylum, quarantine building.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“Road making as practiced in Hawaii in the middle of the nineteenth century was a very superficial operation, in most places consisting of little more than clearing a right of way, doing a little rough grading, and sup- plying bridges of a sort where they could not be dispensed with. Because the roads were not well constructed, repairs and maintenance absorbed most of the available funds. There were serious obstacles that prevented the development of a good highway system: lack of a general understanding of the importance of good roads; lack of over-all planning and co- ordination between different districts; lack of engineering skill and competent supervision; and lack of funds with which to finance a thorough- going road program. At one period, the road supervisors in the various districts were elected by the voters of those districts.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 26) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“Honolulu, with the best harbor in the group, serving a rich and productive area, attracted the trading ships and became the commercial metropolis of the kingdom, and finally also the political capital. The growth of trade at Honolulu in the early decades of the nineteenth century caused the establishment of some facilities in the harbor, such as wharves and a shipyard.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 19) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“Road making as practiced in Hawaii in the middle of the nineteenth century was a very superficial operation, in most places consisting of little more than clearing a right of way, doing a little rough grading, and supplying bridges of a sort where they could not be dispensed with.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 26) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Churches. “By 1870, when the Hawaiian Evangelical Association observed with a great jubilee celebration the fiftieth anniversary of the coming of the first group of missionaries, there were fifty-eight churches in the association, with a membership of 14,850, approximately one-fourth of the whole population of the kingdom.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 100) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Royal Mausoleum. “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas and Lunalilo, approximately a million dollars were spent by the government on public works. The Hawaiian Hotel and Aliiolani Hale accounted for about a quarter of that sum. One hundred and eighty thousand dollars went into the construction of buildings of lesser magnitude—lIolani Barracks, a new prison, Royal Mausoleum, post office, customhouses, warehouses, schoolhouses, insane asylum, quarantine building.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
Books; newspapers; articles; government documents etc “In February 1873, Gibson launched Nuhou: The Hawaiian News, a bilingual newspaper, later continued monolingually as Ka Nuhou Hawaii, that strongly advocated for the protection of Hawai’I’s independence and denounced schemes that might jeopardize this independence, such as the lease of Ke Awalau o Pu’uloa (Pearl Harbor Lagoon) to the United States proposed by Charles Bishop and his cronies of the Missionary Party (Adler and Kamins Internationalism 1986, 90–95).” [1] “The three quotations that open this chapter illustrate the import of these policies. The first, part of an official declaration of the Hawaiian government in 1883, and the second, a guest editorial in a Hawaiian newspaper in 1887, show that, by the 1880s, the vision formulated three decades earlier not only had become official Hawaiian government policy but had also been disseminated through the vernacular media to wider society. The third, by German scholar Haushofer four decades later, puts Hawai’I’s late nineteenth-century pan-Oceanian policy in a geopolitical context of the Pacific peoples’ struggle for self-determination in the longue durée.” [2] “In 1857, St. Julian published his second book, an Official Report on Central Polynesia presented to the Hawaiian government, which contained a detailed gazetteer of all Central Polynesian islands and chiefdoms, compiled by Edward Reeve, St. Julian’s chancellor and later successor in office, which should be regarded as one of the most detailed compilations of knowledge of the islands available during the mid-nineteenth century (St. Julian 1857).” [3]
[1]: (Gonschor 2019: 68) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
[2]: (Gonschor 2019: 89) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
[3]: (Gonschor 2019: 50) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
“Kalākaua’s and Gibson’s “New Departure” into pan-Oceanianism also involved intensified data and item collecting. Building on St. Julian’s correspondence and reports, including Reeve’s invaluable 1857 gazetteer, Gibson’s department was interested in extending its knowledge of the region. A 1989 index of registered maps lists about a hundred maps of Oceania other than the Hawaiian Islands in the Hawaiian Government Survey’s collection, most of them British and US naval charts, others manuscript maps, some of them possibly made by Hawaiian expeditions to these islands.” [1]
[1]: (Gonschor 2019: 94) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
“In the same vein, the first English-language textbook on Hawaiian history for the kingdom’s public schools, published in 1891 but likely prepared throughout the 1880s, repeats the pattern of the 1840 Lāhaināluna atlas by displaying first a map of Oceania before one of the Hawaiian Islands, confirming the perspective of Hawai’i belonging in Oceania (Alexander 1891, 18–19).” [1]
[1]: (Gonschor 2019: 94) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ
“The harbor improvements were carried on in spite of very serious financial difficulties which embarrassed the government for many years after 1854. In an effort to relieve the strain already being felt, the legislature in 1855 passed a loan act authorizing the government to borrow a sum not exceeding $150,000. But the government could obtain only a small part of this amount and therefore had to keep expenditures within the narrowest possible limits. No public works were undertaken except those deemed to be of vital importance; improvement of Honolulu harbor fell within this category.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 22) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“In the Civil Code, compilation of which was provided for by the legislature of 1856 and which was enacted in the legislative session of 1858-59, the earlier postal laws (of 1846, 1851, and 1854) were revised, expanded, and codified as sections 397-415 of the Code. Here, for the first time in the laws, we read of “‘a post-office system for the Hawaiian Kingdom,” which was to be superintended by a “‘Postmaster-General,’’ who was ‘“‘ex officio Postmaster of Honolulu.” Section 406 gave the interisland postage rates mentioned above, and the foreign postage rates were prescribed in section 403. The law as a whole furnished the basis for a postal system adapted to the conditions existing in the Hawaiian kingdom.” [1]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 32) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
“In the Civil Code, compilation of which was provided for by the legislature of 1856 and which was enacted in the legislative session of 1858-59, the earlier postal laws (of 1846, 1851, and 1854) were revised, expanded, and codified as sections 397-415 of the Code. Here, for the first time in the laws, we read of ‘a post-office system for the Hawaiian Kingdom,’ which was to be superintended by a ‘Postmaster-General,’’ who was ‘ex officio Postmaster of Honolulu.’ Section 406 gave the interisland postage rates mentioned above, and the foreign postage rates were prescribed in section 403. The law as a whole furnished the basis for a postal system adapted to the conditions existing in the Hawaiian kingdom.” [1] “In addition, Hawai’i also entered a multilateral treaty when it joined the Universal Postal Union, the first global international organization, in 1885.” [2]
[1]: (Kuykendall 1938: 32) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB
[2]: (Gonschor 2019: 37) Gonschor, Lorenz. 2019. A Power in the World: The Hawaiian Kingdom in Oceania. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FB64GREZ