Home Region: Southern India (South Asia)

Early Pandyas

300 BCE 300 CE

D G SC

New SEA in_pandya_emp_1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1200 BCE 300 BCE Deccan - Iron Age (in_deccan_ia) [None]

Succeeding Entity:

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General Description

The Early Pandyas were a southern kingdom in Tamil Nadu and part of the three ruling kingdoms of Early Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas who ruled over Tamilakam in the late last millennium BCE and early first millennium CE. ^[1] The Early Pandyas had their capital at Madurai and their main port at Korkai. ^[2]
The Early Pandyas were founders and supporters of the great Tamil literary and educational academies called ‘Sangam’ which is where the Sangam Age or Period originates from. ^[3] The Early Pandyas were Hindu Shiavists but Jainism and Buddhism were also present within the kingdom. ^[4] ^[5]
By the 3rd century CE, all three ruling Sangam kingdoms become feudatories to the Kalabhra Dynasty.

[1]: (Abraham 2003) Abraham, Shinu A. 2003. ‘Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India’. Asian Perspectives 42 (2): 207–23. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MIRRQD2C/

[2]: (Agnihotri 1988, 351) Agnihotri, V.K. 1988. Indian History. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/PNX9XBJQ/collection

[3]: (Dikshitar 1941, 152-153) Dikshitar, Ranachandra. 1941. ‘The Sangam Age’ Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 5. Pp 152-161. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/FG8Q2SFG/collection

[4]: (Danielou, 2003) Danielou, Alain. 2003. A Brief History of India. New York: Simon and Schuster. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/WFMTGQJ8/collection

[5]: (Agnihotri 1988, 361) Agnihotri, V.K. 1988. Indian History. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/PNX9XBJQ/collection

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

2 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Polity Succession

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

3 Religious Tradition

1 Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Formal Legal Code

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Communal Building

1 Utilitarian Public Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

Special-purpose Sites

1 Trading Emporia

1 Special Purpose Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

Information / Postal System

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

1 Length Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

Military use of Metals

Projectiles

Handheld weapons

Animals used in warfare

Armor

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

8 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

General Variables

Identity and Location Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	44 P	300 BCE 300 CE
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Original Name	Early Pandyas	300 BCE 300 CE
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Capital	Madurai	300 BCE 300 CE
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Alternative Name	Sangam Period	300 BCE 300 CE
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Alternative Name	Sangam Age	300 BCE 300 CE
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Temporal Bounds Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[300 BCE ➜ 200 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[600 BCE ➜ 300 CE] Disputed
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Political and Cultural Relations Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Kalabhra Dynasty	300 BCE 300 CE
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Preceding Entity 1200 BCE 300 BCE	Deccan - Iron Age (in_deccan_ia) [None]
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Language Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Dravidian	300 BCE 300 CE
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Language	Old Tamil	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religion Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Hinduism	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Tradition	Buddhism	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Tradition	Jainism	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religion Family	Shaivism	300 BCE 300 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Hierarchical Complexity Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[3 to 5]	300 BCE 300 CE
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Military Level	4	300 BCE 300 CE
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Administrative Level	4	300 BCE 300 CE
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Professions Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Law Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 300 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	300 BCE 300 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Communal Building	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Utilitarian Public Building	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Knowledge Or Information Building	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Port	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Trading Emporia	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Special Purpose Site	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Writing System Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Script	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Sacred Text	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	300 BCE 300 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Calendar	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Money Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present Inferred	300 BCE 300 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present Inferred	300 BCE 300 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Postal System Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Measurement System Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Time Measurement System	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Length Measurement System	Present	300 BCE 300 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Early Pandyas (in_pandya_emp_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More