No General Descriptions provided.
| Year Range | Kangju (uz_kangju) was in: |
|---|
Inhabitants.
"In Chinese sources Samarkand became identified as Kangju. According to archaeologists the city became less densely settled and houses were abandoned. This also applied to other settlements in Sogdiana and may indicate a decline in urbanization."
[1]
[1]: (Frye and Litvinsky 1996, 462) Richard N Frye. Boris A Litvinsky. The Oasis states of Central Asia. J Herrmann. E Zurcher. eds. 1996. History of Humanity. Volume III. From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO.
in squared kilometers.
Estimate based on area surrounding the Syr Daria river, similar to: http://worldhistorymaps.info/images/East-Hem_100ad.jpg
"In Chinese sources Samarkand became identified as Kangju. ... Khwarazm too seems to have come under the rule of Kangju, but in the first century AD it became independent under a new dynasty."
[1]
"The Kangju state was a tribal confederation located north and south of the lower Yaxartes (Syr Daria), between the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash. It included Khorezm as one of its subordinate provinces and reached its peak of power and wealth between the late second century BCE and early first-century CE."
[2]
[1]: (Frye and Litvinsky 1996, 462) Richard N Frye. Boris A Litvinsky. The Oasis states of Central Asia. J Herrmann. E Zurcher. eds. 1996. History of Humanity. Volume III. From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO.
[2]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
People.
"During the period of its apex, which coincided with the ’opening up’ of the SR [Silk Road], the Kangju state had a population of about 600,000 and an army of 120,000."
[1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
levels.
1. Capital
"The headquarters of the ruler of the confederation were in the town of Bitian on the middle reaches of the Yaxartes."
[1]
The Kangju lead a nomadic life but had cities.
[2]
2. Provincial town "It included Khorezm as one of its subordinate provinces".
[1]
3. Town "In Chinese sources Samarkand became identified as Kangju. According to archaeologists the city became less densely settled and houses were abandoned. This also applied to other settlements in Sogdiana and may indicate a decline in urbanization."
[3]
4. Settlements "The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements."
[1]
"Fortresses, farmsteads, ’urban’ sites and religious complexes".
[4]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
[2]: (Andrianov 2016, 214) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.
[3]: (Frye and Litvinsky 1996, 462) Richard N Frye. Boris A Litvinsky. The Oasis states of Central Asia. J Herrmann. E Zurcher. eds. 1996. History of Humanity. Volume III. From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO.
[4]: (Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.
levels.
The Kangju had a ’sacred center’.
[1]
"’Kangiui’ [Kangju], sees the full flourishing of an independent region. Fortresses, farmsteads, ’urban’ sites and religious complexes were built at this time, while the material culture experienced a period of conservatism lasting until the late first or early second century ad, suggesting little outside influence until contact with the Kushan empire effected a major cultural shift."
[2]
[1]: (Andrianov 2016, 213) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.
[2]: (Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.
levels.
1. Ruler of the confederation
According to Rapin and Abdoullaev the Kangju "established a new system of ’nomad capitals’ including Afrasiab (Samarkand) and various other fortified sites, such as Kala-i Zakhoki Maron. The Chinese annals describe the typical nomadic lifestyle of the Kangju elite, in particular the ruler who wintered in their capital of Pi-t’ien and summered in the steppe."
[1]
_Palace government_
2. Court administrator? "The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements."
[2]
Coin mint implies mint manager, mint worker and a court administrator responsible for finance: "The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18)."
[2]
3. Coin mint manager 4. Coin mint worker
_Provincial line_
2. Ruler of provincial region "the countries of five ’small rulers’ ... were subordinate to the Kangju ruler."
[3]
"The Kangju state was a tribal confederation located north and south of the lower Yaxartes (Syr Daria), between the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash. It included Khorezm as one of its subordinate provinces and reached its peak of power and wealth between the late second century BCE and early first-century CE."
[2]
3. Tribal leader 4.
[1]: (Cleary 2017, 301) Michelle Negus Cleary. Enclosure Sites, Non-Nucleated Settlement Strategies and Political Capitals in Ancient Eurasia. Hyun Jin Kim. Frederick Juliaan Vervaet. Selim Ferruh Adali. eds. 2017. Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
[2]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
[3]: (Andrianov 2016, 214) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.
"During the period of its apex, which coincided with the ’opening up’ of the SR [Silk Road], the Kangju state had a population of about 600,000 and an army of 120,000." [1] Given the high proportion of the total population the army represented it is perhaps unlikely that all 120,000 were full-time specialists but probably some were.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The Kangju had a ’sacred center’. [1] Religious complexes. "’Kangiui’ [Kangju], sees the full flourishing of an independent region. Fortresses, farmsteads, ’urban’ sites and religious complexes were built at this time, while the material culture experienced a period of conservatism lasting until the late first or early second century ad, suggesting little outside influence until contact with the Kushan empire effected a major cultural shift." [2]
[1]: (Andrianov 2016, 213) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.
[2]: (Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.
"During the period of its apex, which coincided with the ’opening up’ of the SR [Silk Road], the Kangju state had a population of about 600,000 and an army of 120,000." [1] "The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1] Did warrior aristocracy they also have other responsibilities, like judging or administration?
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"Not unlike the Wusun, the Kangju were nomadic pastoralists and sedentary agriculturalists. Their most important economic activity was cattle breeding; they also raised sheep, horses, and goats. Moreover, they were farmers and gardeners on the Yaxartes river banks." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
Coin mint implies mint manager, mint worker and a court administrator responsible for finance: "The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1] Kangju civilization was not developed enough.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1] Kangju civilization was not developed enough.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1] Kangju civilization was not developed enough.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
Highly likely given its geographical position cutting across the Silk Road their trading activities and coin minting. "In Chinese sources Samarkand became identified as Kangju. According to archaeologists the city became less densely settled and houses were abandoned." [1] "During the period of its apex, which coincided with the ’opening up’ of the SR [Silk Road]". [2] "The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [2] "The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [2]
[1]: (Frye and Litvinsky 1996, 462) Richard N Frye. Boris A Litvinsky. The Oasis states of Central Asia. J Herrmann. E Zurcher. eds. 1996. History of Humanity. Volume III. From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. UNESCO.
[2]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The Kangju had a ’sacred center’. [1] "’Kangiui’ [Kangju], sees the full flourishing of an independent region. Fortresses, farmsteads, ’urban’ sites and religious complexes were built at this time, while the material culture experienced a period of conservatism lasting until the late first or early second century ad, suggesting little outside influence until contact with the Kushan empire effected a major cultural shift." [2]
[1]: (Andrianov 2016, 213) Boris V Andrianov. Chapter 5. The Lower Syrdarya. Boris V Andrianov. Simone Mantellini. ed. 2016. Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books Limited. Oxford.
[2]: (Hermann and Cribb 2007, 437) Georgina Hermann. Joe Cribb. 2007. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam. Oxford University Press.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"To support agriculture, the Kangju built dams, small canals, and reservoirs." [1] Were the small canals large enough to transport people or goods by boat?
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins [1] which suggests the administration could have worked with written accounts.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins [1] which suggests the administration could have worked with written accounts.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins [1] which suggests the administration could have classifications related to taxation.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins [1] which suggests the administration could have worked with written accounts.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [1] Quite possible
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18)." [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
Not mentioned but the location on a major trade route makes this possible.
"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [1]
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju traded goods with their C Asian neighbors, with China and Rome; thus they fully participated in SR trade; they even minted their own coins (Roudik 2007, 18). " [1] Ancient long distance trade usually carried some kind of insurance.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
"The Kangju further developed a partly urban civilization with clay houses, palaces, and fortified walls. The semisedentary tribal aristocracy lived in the centers of the towns and settlements." [1] Also had coinage. Communication between palace and the mint likely to have used a messenger.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.
The most developed aspect of Kangju administration currently recorded is that they minted their own coins [1] which suggests the administration had a basic understanding of how to measure weights.
[1]: (Barisitz 2017, 37) Stephan Barisitz. 2017. Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia. Springer International Publishing.