Section: Political and Cultural Relations
Variable: Polity Degree Of Centralization (All coded records)
unknown/ quasi-polity/ nominal/ loose/ confederated state /unitary state 'quasi-polity' = or 'none'. Use if, for example, the NGA is inhabited by many politically independent groups. There are four types of quasi-polity: archaeological, temporal, complex and dominant. Quasi-Polities: further information. 'nominal' = regional rulers pay only nominal allegiance to the overall ruler and maintain independence on all important aspects of governing, including taxation and warfare. (example: Japan during the Sengoku period) 'loose' = the central government exercises a certain degree of control, especially over military matters and international relations. Otherwise the regional rulers are left alone (example: European 'feudalism' after the collapse of the Carolingian empire) 'confederated state' = regions enjoy a large degree of autonomy in internal (regional) government. In particular, the regional governors are either hereditary rulers, or are elected by regional elites or by the population of the region; and regional governments can levy and dispose of regional taxes. Use this category for the more centralized 'feudal states'. 'unitary state' = regional governors are appointed and removed by the central authorities, taxes are imposed by, and transmitted to the center  
499 Polity Degree Of Centralization Records
#  Polity  Coded Value / Tags Year(s) Edit
1 Early Qing unitary state 1644 CE  1796 CE
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2 Late Qing unitary state 1796 CE  1912 CE
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3 Early Formative Basin of Mexico quasi-polity Expert 1200 BCE  801 BCE
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4 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico quasi-polity Expert 800 BCE  401 BCE
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5 Late Formative Basin of Mexico quasi-polity Expert 400 BCE  101 BCE
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6 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico quasi-polity Expert 100 BCE  99 CE
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7 Hawaii I quasi-polity Expert 1000 CE  1200 CE
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8 Hawaii II quasi-polity Expert 1200 CE  1580 CE
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9 Hawaii III quasi-polity Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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10 Hawaii III unitary state Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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11 Hawaii III quasi-polity Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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12 Hawaii III loose Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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13 Hawaii III unitary state Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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14 Hawaii III unitary state Expert 1580 CE  1778 CE
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15 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period unitary state Expert 1778 CE  1819 CE
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16 Cahokia - Early Woodland none Expert 600 BCE  150 BCE
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17 Cahokia - Middle Woodland none Expert 150 BCE  300 CE
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18 Cahokia - Late Woodland I none Expert 300 CE  450 CE
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19 Cahokia - Late Woodland II none Expert 450 CE  600 CE
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20 Cahokia - Late Woodland III none Expert 600 CE  750 CE
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21 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I none Expert 750 CE  900 CE
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22 Cahokia - Sand Prairie loose Expert 1275 CE  1400 CE
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23 Oneota quasi-polity 1400 CE  1650 CE
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24 Early Illinois Confederation quasi-polity 1640 CE  1717 CE
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25 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling loose Expert 1050 CE  1199 CE
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26 Cahokia - Moorehead loose Expert 1200 CE  1275 CE
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27 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II loose Expert 900 CE  1049 CE
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28 Funan I confederated state 225 CE  540 CE
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29 Funan II confederated state 540 CE  640 CE
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30 Chenla confederated state 550 CE  825 CE
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31 Early Angkor unitary state 802 CE  1100 CE
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32 Classical Angkor unitary state 1100 CE  1220 CE
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33 Late Angkor unitary state 1220 CE  1432 CE
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34 Khmer Kingdom unitary state 1432 CE  1594 CE
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35 Rattanakosin confederated state 1782 CE  1873 CE
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36 Kalingga Kingdom uncoded 500 CE  732 CE
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37 Medang Kingdom nominal 732 CE  1019 CE
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38 Kediri Kingdom nominal 1049 CE  1222 CE
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39 Majapahit Kingdom loose 1292 CE  1518 CE
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40 Mataram Sultanate loose Expert 1568 CE  1755 CE
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41 Chuuk - Early Truk quasi-polity 1775 CE  1886 CE
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42 Chuuk - Late Truk loose 1886 CE  1948 CE
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43 Neolithic Crete quasi-polity 7000 BCE  3000 BCE
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44 Prepalatial Crete quasi-polity 3000 BCE  1900 BCE
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45 Old Palace Crete quasi-polity 1900 BCE  1700 BCE
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46 New Palace Crete quasi-polity 1700 BCE  1450 BCE
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47 Monopalatial Crete quasi-polity 1450 BCE  1300 BCE
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48 Postpalatial Crete quasi-polity 1300 BCE  1200 BCE
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49 Final Postpalatial Crete quasi-polity 1200 BCE  1000 BCE
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50 Geometric Crete quasi-polity 1000 BCE  710 BCE
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51 Archaic Crete quasi-polity 710 BCE  500 BCE
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52 Classical Crete quasi-polity 500 BCE  323 BCE
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53 Hellenistic Crete quasi-polity 323 BCE  69 BCE
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54 Roman Empire - Principate unitary state Expert 31 BCE  284 CE
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55 Roman Empire - Dominate unitary state 285 CE  394 CE
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56 East Roman Empire unitary state Expert 395 CE  631 CE
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57 Byzantine Empire I unitary state Expert 632 CE  866 CE
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58 The Emirate of Crete unitary state 824 CE  961 CE
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59 Byzantine Empire II unitary state Expert 867 CE  1072 CE
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60 Byzantine Empire III unitary state Expert 1073 CE  1204 CE
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61 Cuzco - Late Formative none 500 BCE  200 CE
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62 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I none 200 CE  499 CE
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63 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II quasi-polity 500 CE  649 CE
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64 Wari Empire unitary state 650 CE  999 CE
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65 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I quasi-polity 1000 CE  1250 CE
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66 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II quasi-polity 1250 CE  1400 CE
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67 Inca Empire unitary state Expert 1375 CE  1532 CE
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68 Spanish Empire I confederated state 1516 CE  1715 CE
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69 Deccan - Neolithic quasi-polity 2700 BCE  1200 BCE
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70 Deccan - Iron Age quasi-polity 1200 BCE  300 BCE
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71 Magadha - Maurya Empire unitary state 324 BCE  187 BCE
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72 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms quasi-polity 205 BCE  101 BCE
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73 Satavahana Empire unitary state 100 BCE  200 CE
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74 Satavahana Empire loose 100 BCE  200 CE
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75 Vakataka Kingdom unitary state 255 CE  550 CE
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76 Kadamba Empire unitary state 345 CE  550 CE
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77 Chalukyas of Badami unitary state 543 CE  753 CE
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78 Rashtrakuta Empire loose 753 CE  973 CE
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79 Chalukyas of Kalyani loose 973 CE  1189 CE
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80 Hoysala Kingdom unitary state 1108 CE  1346 CE
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81 Kampili Kingdom unitary state 1280 CE  1327 CE
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82 Kampili Kingdom nominal 1280 CE  1327 CE
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83 Vijayanagara Empire loose 1336 CE  1646 CE
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84 Vijayanagara Empire nominal 1336 CE  1646 CE
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85 Vijayanagara Empire confederated state 1336 CE  1646 CE
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86 Mughal Empire unitary state 1526 CE  1858 CE
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87 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early loose 1566 CE  1713 CE
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88 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late loose 1714 CE  1848 CE
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89 Canaan quasi-polity Expert 2000 BCE  1175 BCE
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90 Phoenician Empire quasi-polity Expert 1200 BCE  332 BCE
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91 Yisrael confederated state Expert 1030 BCE  722 BCE
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92 Neo-Assyrian Empire unitary state 911 BCE  612 BCE
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93 Achaemenid Empire confederated state 550 BCE  331 BCE
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94 Achaemenid Empire unitary state 550 BCE  331 BCE
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95 Seleucid Empire confederated state 312 BCE  63 BCE
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96 Seleucid Empire unitary state 312 BCE  63 BCE
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97 Ptolemaic Kingdom I unitary state Expert 305 BCE  217 BCE
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98 Yehuda confederated state Expert 141 BCE  63 BCE
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99 Early A'chik quasi-polity 1775 CE  1867 CE
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100 Late A'chik loose 1867 CE  1956 CE
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101 Akan - Pre-Ashanti quasi-polity 1501 CE  1701 CE
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102 Ashanti Empire confederated state 1701 CE  1895 CE
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103 Icelandic Commonwealth nominal Expert 930 CE  1262 CE
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104 Kingdom of Norway II loose Expert 1262 CE  1396 CE
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105 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic quasi-polity Expert 7500 BCE  5500 BCE
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106 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic quasi-polity Expert 5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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107 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic quasi-polity Expert 4000 BCE  3200 BCE
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108 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period quasi-polity Expert 3200 BCE  2500 BCE
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109 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I quasi-polity Expert 2500 BCE  2100 BCE
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110 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II quasi-polity Expert 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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111 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period loose 1800 BCE  1300 BCE
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112 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period quasi-polity Expert 1300 BCE  500 BCE
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113 Parthian Empire I confederated state 247 BCE  40 CE
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114 Indo-Greek Kingdom nominal 180 BCE  10 BCE
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115 Kushan Empire confederated state Expert 35 CE  319 CE
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116 Sasanid Empire I unitary state 205 CE  487 CE
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117 Hephthalite Empire nominal 408 CE  561 CE
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118 Hephthalite Empire confederated state 408 CE  561 CE
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119 Sasanid Empire II unitary state 488 CE  642 CE
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120 Umayyad Caliphate unitary state 661 CE  750 CE
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121 Abbasid Caliphate I nominal 750 CE  946 CE
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122 Abbasid Caliphate I unitary state 750 CE  946 CE
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123 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period nominal 854 CE  1193 CE
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124 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period unitary state 854 CE  1193 CE
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125 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period loose 854 CE  1193 CE
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126 Ghur Principality loose 1025 CE  1215 CE
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127 Ghur Principality confederated state 1025 CE  1215 CE
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128 Delhi Sultanate confederated state 1206 CE  1526 CE
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129 Sind - Samma Dynasty unitary state 1335 CE  1521 CE
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130 Durrani Empire loose 1747 CE  1826 CE
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131 Japan - Incipient Jomon quasi-polity 13600 BCE  9200 BCE
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132 Japan - Initial Jomon quasi-polity 9200 BCE  5300 BCE
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133 Japan - Early Jomon quasi-polity 5300 BCE  3500 BCE
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134 Japan - Middle Jomon quasi-polity 3500 BCE  2500 BCE
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135 Japan - Late Jomon quasi-polity 2500 BCE  1200 BCE
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136 Japan - Final Jomon quasi-polity 1200 BCE  300 BCE
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137 Kansai - Yayoi Period quasi-polity 300 BCE  250 CE
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138 Kansai - Kofun Period quasi-polity 250 CE  537 CE
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139 Asuka unitary state 538 CE  710 CE
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140 Heian unitary state 794 CE  1185 CE
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141 Kamakura Shogunate confederated state 1185 CE  1333 CE
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142 Ashikaga Shogunate confederated state 1336 CE  1467 CE
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143 Warring States Japan quasi-polity 1467 CE  1568 CE
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144 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama quasi-polity 1568 CE  1603 CE
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145 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama loose 1568 CE  1603 CE
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146 Tokugawa Shogunate confederated state 1603 CE  1868 CE
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147 Iban - Pre-Brooke quasi-polity 1650 CE  1841 CE
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148 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial loose 1841 CE  1987 CE
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149 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic unknown 9600 BCE  7000 BCE
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150 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic unknown 7000 BCE  6600 BCE
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151 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic quasi-polity Expert 6000 BCE  5500 BCE
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152 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic quasi-polity 5500 BCE  3000 BCE
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153 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age quasi-polity 3000 BCE  2000 BCE
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154 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia quasi-polity 2000 BCE  1700 BCE
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155 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia loose 2000 BCE  1700 BCE
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156 Hatti - Old Kingdom unitary state 1650 BCE  1500 BCE
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157 Hatti - New Kingdom unitary state 1400 BCE  1180 BCE
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158 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms quasi-polity 1180 BCE  900 BCE
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159 Phrygian Kingdom loose 900 BCE  695 BCE
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160 Tabal Kingdoms quasi-polity 900 BCE  730 BCE
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161 Kingdom of Lydia confederated state 670 BCE  546 BCE
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162 Lysimachus Kingdom loose 323 BCE  281 BCE
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163 Late Cappadocia nominal 330 BCE  16 CE
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164 Late Cappadocia loose 330 BCE  16 CE
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165 Late Cappadocia unitary state 330 BCE  16 CE
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166 Rum Sultanate confederated state 1077 CE  1307 CE
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167 Ilkhanate unitary state 1256 CE  1339 CE
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168 Ottoman Emirate unitary state Expert 1299 CE  1402 CE
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169 Ottoman Emirate loose Expert 1299 CE  1402 CE
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170 Ottoman Empire I unitary state Expert 1402 CE  1517 CE
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171 Ottoman Empire II unitary state 1517 CE  1683 CE
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172 Ottoman Empire III unitary state 1683 CE  1839 CE
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173 Latium - Copper Age quasi-polity 3600 BCE  1800 BCE
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174 Latium - Bronze Age quasi-polity 1800 BCE  900 BCE
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175 Roman Kingdom unitary state 716 BCE  509 BCE
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176 Early Roman Republic unitary state 509 BCE  264 BCE
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177 Middle Roman Republic unitary state 264 BCE  133 BCE
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178 Late Roman Republic unitary state Expert 133 BCE  31 BCE
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179 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity unitary state 395 CE  476 CE
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180 Ostrogothic Kingdom loose 489 CE  554 CE
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181 Ostrogothic Kingdom unitary state 489 CE  554 CE
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182 Exarchate of Ravenna confederated state 568 CE  751 CE
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183 Exarchate of Ravenna loose 568 CE  751 CE
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184 Exarchate of Ravenna nominal 568 CE  751 CE
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185 Republic of St Peter I nominal 752 CE  904 CE
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186 Rome - Republic of St Peter II loose 904 CE  1198 CE
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187 Papal States - High Medieval Period nominal 1198 CE  1309 CE
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188 Papal States - High Medieval Period unitary state 1198 CE  1309 CE
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189 Papal States - High Medieval Period loose 1198 CE  1309 CE
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190 Papal States - High Medieval Period confederated state 1198 CE  1309 CE
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191 Papal States - Renaissance Period loose 1378 CE  1527 CE
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192 Papal States - Early Modern Period I unitary state 1527 CE  1648 CE
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193 Papal States - Early Modern Period II unitary state 1648 CE  1809 CE
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194 Sakha - Early quasi-polity 1400 CE  1632 CE
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195 Sakha - Late loose 1632 CE  1900 CE
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196 Shuar - Colonial quasi-polity 1534 CE  1830 CE
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197 Shuar - Colonial nominal 1534 CE  1830 CE
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198 Shuar - Ecuadorian quasi-polity 1831 CE  1931 CE
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199 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period unitary state Expert 1550 BCE  1293 BCE
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200 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period loose Expert 1293 BCE  1070 BCE
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201 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period unitary state Expert 1293 BCE  1070 BCE
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202 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period nominal 1069 BCE  747 BCE
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203 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period quasi-polity 1069 BCE  747 BCE
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204 Egypt - Saite Period loose 664 BCE  525 BCE
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205 Egypt - Saite Period unitary state 664 BCE  525 BCE
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206 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period unitary state 404 BCE  342 BCE
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207 Ptolemaic Kingdom II unitary state Expert 217 BCE  30 BCE
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208 Axum I loose 149 BCE  349 CE
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209 Axum I confederated state 149 BCE  349 CE
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210 Axum I nominal 149 BCE  349 CE
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211 Middle Wagadu Empire unitary state 700 CE  1077 CE
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212 Fatimid Caliphate unitary state 909 CE  1171 CE
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213 Later Wagadu Empire unitary state 1078 CE  1203 CE
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214 Mali Empire confederated state 1230 CE  1410 CE
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215 Mali Empire unitary state 1230 CE  1410 CE
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216 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I unitary state 1260 CE  1348 CE
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217 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II unitary state 1348 CE  1412 CE
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218 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III unitary state 1412 CE  1517 CE
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219 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty unitary state 1493 CE  1591 CE
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220 Late Shang unitary state 1250 BCE  1045 BCE
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221 Western Zhou unitary state 1122 BCE  771 BCE
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222 Western Zhou loose 1122 BCE  771 BCE
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223 Jin loose 780 BCE  404 BCE
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224 Western Han Empire unitary state 202 BCE  9 CE
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225 Eastern Han Empire confederated state 25 CE  220 CE
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226 Eastern Han Empire unitary state 25 CE  220 CE
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227 Western Jin unitary state 265 CE  317 CE
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228 Northern Wei unitary state 386 CE  534 CE
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229 Sui Dynasty unitary state 581 CE  618 CE
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230 Tang Dynasty I unitary state Expert 617 CE  763 CE
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231 Nara Kingdom unitary state 710 CE  794 CE
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232 Tang Dynasty II confederated state 763 CE  907 CE
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233 Jin Dynasty unitary state 1115 CE  1234 CE
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234 Mongol Empire uncoded 1206 CE  1270 CE
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235 Great Yuan unitary state 1271 CE  1368 CE
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236 Great Ming unitary state 1368 CE  1644 CE
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237 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation confederated state 209 BCE  60 BCE
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238 Late Xiongnu confederated state 60 BCE  100 CE
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239 Rouran Khaganate confederated state 300 CE  555 CE
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240 Kidarite Kingdom confederated state 388 CE  477 CE
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241 Western Turk Khaganate confederated state 582 CE  630 CE
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242 Western Turk Khaganate loose 582 CE  630 CE
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243 Uigur Khaganate confederated state 745 CE  840 CE
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244 Samanid Empire unitary state 819 CE  999 CE
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245 Khitan I confederated state 907 CE  1125 CE
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246 Kara-Khanids confederated state 950 CE  1212 CE
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247 Chagatai Khanate nominal 1227 CE  1402 CE
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248 Early Merovingian nominal 481 CE  543 CE
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249 Early Merovingian loose 481 CE  543 CE
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250 Early Merovingian confederated state 481 CE  543 CE
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251 Early Merovingian quasi-polity 481 CE  543 CE
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252 Middle Merovingian confederated state 543 CE  687 CE
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253 Middle Merovingian quasi-polity 543 CE  687 CE
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254 Middle Merovingian nominal 543 CE  687 CE
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255 Middle Merovingian loose 543 CE  687 CE
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256 Carolingian Empire I unitary state 752 CE  840 CE
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257 Carolingian Empire II loose 840 CE  987 CE
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258 Carolingian Empire II nominal 840 CE  987 CE
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259 Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty unitary state 966 CE 1138 CE
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260 State of the Teutonic Order unitary state 1300 CE  1400 CE
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261 French Kingdom - Early Valois unitary state 1328 CE  1450 CE
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262 Kassite Babylonia confederated state 1595 BCE  1150 BCE
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263 Neo-Babylonian Empire unitary state 626 BCE  539 BCE
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264 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom unitary state 256 BCE  125 BCE
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265 Himyar I unitary state 270 CE  340 CE
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266 Himyar II unitary state 378 CE  525 CE
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267 Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty loose 822 CE  1037 CE
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268 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period unitary state 868 CE  969 CE
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269 Buyid Confederation confederated state 932 CE  1062 CE
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270 Seljuk Sultanate confederated state 1037 CE  1157 CE
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271 Yemen - Era of Warlords uncoded 1038 CE  1174 CE
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272 Ayyubid Sultanate loose Expert 1171 CE  1250 CE
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273 Ayyubid Sultanate unitary state Expert 1171 CE  1250 CE
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274 Ayyubid Sultanate unitary state Expert 1171 CE  1250 CE
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275 Rasulid Dynasty unitary state 1229 CE  1453 CE
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276 Timurid Empire unitary state 1370 CE  1526 CE
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277 Timurid Empire nominal 1370 CE  1526 CE
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278 Timurid Empire confederated state 1370 CE  1526 CE
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279 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty unitary state 1454 CE  1517 CE
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280 Safavid Empire unitary state 1501 CE  1722 CE
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281 Magadha - Sunga Empire uncoded 187 BCE  65 BCE
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282 Gupta Empire loose 320 CE  550 CE
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283 Yangshao quasi-polity 5000 BCE  3000 BCE
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284 Longshan quasi-polity 3000 BCE  1900 BCE
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285 Erlitou quasi-polity 1850 BCE  1600 BCE
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286 Erligang quasi-polity 1650 BCE  1250 BCE
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287 Erligang confederated state 1650 BCE  1250 BCE
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288 Early Wei Dynasty confederated state 445 BCE  225 BCE
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289 Northern Song unitary state 960 CE  1127 CE
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290 Jenne-jeno I quasi-polity 250 BCE  49 CE
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291 Jenne-jeno II quasi-polity 50 CE  399 CE
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292 Jenne-jeno III quasi-polity 400 CE  899 CE
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293 Jenne-jeno IV quasi-polity 900 CE  1300 CE
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294 Saadi Sultanate unitary state 1554 CE  1659 CE
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295 Segou Kingdom unitary state 1650 CE  1712 CE
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296 Segou Kingdom loose 1650 CE  1712 CE
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297 Bamana kingdom unitary state 1712 CE  1861 CE
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298 Neguanje quasi-polity 250 CE  1050 CE
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299 Tairona quasi-polity 1050 CE  1524 CE
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300 Xianbei Confederation nominal 100 CE  250 CE
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301 Xianbei Confederation loose 100 CE  250 CE
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302 Shiwei quasi-polity 600 CE  1000 CE
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303 Second Turk Khaganate loose 682 CE  744 CE
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304 Second Turk Khaganate confederated state 682 CE  744 CE
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305 Early Mongols quasi-polity Expert 1000 CE  1206 CE
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306 Late Mongols nominal 1368 CE  1690 CE
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307 Late Mongols quasi-polity 1368 CE  1690 CE
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308 Zungharian Empire confederated state 1670 CE  1757 CE
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309 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial quasi-polity 1734 CE  1883 CE
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310 Orokaiva - Colonial loose 1884 CE  1942 CE
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311 Beaker Culture quasi-polity 3200 BCE  2000 BCE
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312 Atlantic Complex quasi-polity 2200 BCE  1000 BCE
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313 Hallstatt A-B1 loose 1000 BCE  900 BCE
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314 Hallstatt B2-3 loose 900 BCE  700 BCE
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315 Hallstatt C loose 700 BCE  600 BCE
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316 Hallstatt D loose 600 BCE  475 BCE
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317 La Tene A-B1 loose 475 BCE  325 BCE
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318 La Tene A-B1 confederated state 475 BCE  325 BCE
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319 La Tene B2-C1 loose 325 BCE  175 BCE
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320 La Tene B2-C1 confederated state 325 BCE  175 BCE
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321 La Tene C2-D confederated state 175 BCE  27 BCE
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322 La Tene C2-D nominal 175 BCE  27 BCE
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323 Proto-French Kingdom loose 987 CE  1150 CE
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324 Proto-French Kingdom nominal 987 CE  1150 CE
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325 French Kingdom - Late Capetian unitary state 1150 CE  1328 CE
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326 French Kingdom - Late Capetian loose 1150 CE  1328 CE
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327 French Kingdom - Late Valois loose 1450 CE  1589 CE
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328 French Kingdom - Late Valois unitary state 1450 CE  1589 CE
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329 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon unitary state 1589 CE  1660 CE
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330 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon unitary state 1660 CE  1815 CE
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331 Sarazm quasi-polity 3500 BCE  2000 BCE
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332 Andronovo quasi-polity 1800 BCE  1200 BCE
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333 Koktepe I quasi-polity 1400 BCE  1000 BCE
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334 Ancient Khwarazm quasi-polity 1000 BCE  521 BCE
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335 Koktepe II unitary state 750 BCE  550 BCE
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336 Tocharians quasi-polity 129 BCE  29 CE
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337 Sogdiana - City-States Period quasi-polity 604 CE  711 CE
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338 Khanate of Bukhara nominal 1599 CE  1747 CE
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339 Hmong - Late Qing quasi-polity 1701 CE  1895 CE
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340 Hmong - Early Chinese unitary state 1895 CE  1941 CE
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341 Ubaid unknown Suspected Expert 5500 BCE  4201 BCE
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342 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE  2900 BCE
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343 Early Dynastic nominal 2900 BCE  2500 BCE
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344 Early Dynastic quasi-polity 2900 BCE  2500 BCE
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345 Akkadian Empire unitary state 2270 BCE  2083 BCE
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346 Ur - Dynasty III unitary state 2112 BCE  2004 BCE
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347 Isin-Larsa quasi-polity 2004 BCE  1763 BCE
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348 Amorite Babylonia nominal 2000 BCE  1600 BCE
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349 Amorite Babylonia confederated state 2000 BCE  1600 BCE
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350 Second Dynasty of Isin confederated state 1153 BCE  1027 BCE
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351 Bazi Dynasty nominal 1005 BCE  986 BCE
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352 Dynasty of E nominal 979 BCE  732 BCE
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353 Parthian Empire II confederated state 41 CE  226 CE
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354 Abbasid Caliphate II unitary state 1191 CE  1258 CE
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355 Pre-Ceramic Period quasi-polity 7800 BCE  7200 BCE
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356 Formative Period quasi-polity 7200 BCE  7000 BCE
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357 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar quasi-polity 7000 BCE  6000 BCE
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358 Susiana B quasi-polity 5700 BCE  5100 BCE
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359 Susiana - Early Ubaid quasi-polity 5100 BCE  4700 BCE
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360 Susiana - Late Ubaid quasi-polity 4700 BCE  4300 BCE
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361 Susa I quasi-polity 4300 BCE  3800 BCE
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362 Susa II unitary state 3800 BCE  3100 BCE
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363 Susa III unitary state 3100 BCE  2675 BCE
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364 Susa III confederated state 3100 BCE  2675 BCE
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365 Elam - Awan Dynasty I confederated state 2675 BCE  2100 BCE
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366 Elam - Shimashki Period confederated state 2028 BCE  1940 BCE
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367 Elam - Early Sukkalmah quasi-polity 1900 BCE  1701 BCE
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368 Elam - Early Sukkalmah confederated state 1900 BCE  1701 BCE
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369 Elam - Late Sukkalmah quasi-polity 1700 BCE  1500 BCE
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370 Elam - Kidinuid Period unitary state 1500 BCE  1400 BCE
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371 Elam - Igihalkid Period unitary state 1399 BCE  1200 BCE
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372 Elam - Shutrukid Period unitary state 1199 BCE  1100 BCE
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373 Elam - Crisis Period quasi-polity 1100 BCE  900 BCE
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374 Elam - Crisis Period confederated state 1100 BCE  900 BCE
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375 Elam I confederated state 900 BCE  744 BCE
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376 Elam I quasi-polity 900 BCE  744 BCE
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377 Elam II unitary state 743 BCE  647 BCE
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378 Elam II confederated state 743 BCE  647 BCE
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379 Elam III confederated state 612 BCE  539 BCE
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380 Elam III quasi-polity 612 BCE  539 BCE
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381 Elymais II unitary state 25 CE  215 CE
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382 Ak Koyunlu loose 1339 CE  1501 CE
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383 Ak Koyunlu confederated state 1339 CE  1501 CE
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384 Qajar Dynasty unitary state 1794 CE  1925 CE
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385 Badarian unknown Suspected 4400 BCE  3800 BCE
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386 Naqada I unknown Suspected 3800 BCE  3550 BCE
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387 Naqada I none 3800 BCE  3550 BCE
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388 Naqada II unknown 3550 BCE  3300 BCE
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389 Egypt - Dynasty 0 quasi-polity 3300 BCE  3100 BCE
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390 Egypt - Dynasty I unitary state 3100 BCE  2900 BCE
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391 Egypt - Dynasty II unitary state 2900 BCE  2687 BCE
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392 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom unitary state Expert 2650 BCE  2350 BCE
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393 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom unitary state Expert 2350 BCE  2150 BCE
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394 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom loose Expert 2350 BCE  2150 BCE
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395 Egypt - Period of the Regions nominal Expert 2150 BCE  2016 BCE
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396 Egypt - Period of the Regions unitary state Expert 2150 BCE  2016 BCE
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397 Egypt - Period of the Regions loose Expert 2150 BCE  2016 BCE
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398 Egypt - Middle Kingdom unitary state Expert 2016 BCE  1700 BCE
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399 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period quasi-polity Expert 1720 BCE  1567 BCE
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400 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period loose Expert 1720 BCE  1567 BCE
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401 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period nominal Expert 1720 BCE  1567 BCE
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402 Egypt - Kushite Period confederated state 747 BCE  656 BCE
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403 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas quasi-polity 1400 BCE  1150 BCE
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404 Oaxaca - San Jose quasi-polity 1150 BCE  700 BCE
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405 Oaxaca - Rosario quasi-polity 700 BCE  500 BCE
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406 Early Monte Alban I uncoded 500 BCE  300 BCE
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407 Monte Alban Late I confederated state 300 BCE  100 BCE
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408 Monte Alban Late I unitary state 300 BCE  100 BCE
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409 Monte Alban II unitary state 100 BCE  200 CE
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410 Monte Alban III unitary state 200 CE  500 CE
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411 Monte Alban IIIB and IV quasi-polity 500 CE  900 CE
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412 Monte Alban V quasi-polity Expert 900 CE  1520 CE
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413 Sabaean Commonwealth quasi-polity Expert 800 BCE  451 BCE
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414 Qatabanian Commonwealth quasi-polity 450 BCE  111 BCE
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415 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty loose 1637 CE  1805 CE
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416 Republic of Venice III unitary state 1204 CE  1563 CE
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417 Republic of Venice IV unitary state 1564 CE  1797 CE
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418 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II nominal 1649 CE  1918 CE
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419 Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II unitary state 1776 CE  1917 CE
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420 Anglo-Saxon England I quasi-polity 410 CE  926 CE
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421 Norman England confederated state 1066 CE  1153 CE
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422 British Empire I loose 1690 CE  1849 CE
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423 Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty confederated state 1198 CE 1253 CE
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424 Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I unitary state 1614 CE  1775 CE
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425 Early Modern Sierra Leone quasi-polity 1650 CE  1896 CE
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426 Kaabu quasi-polity Disputed 1500 CE  1867 CE
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427 Kaabu confederated state Disputed 1500 CE  1867 CE
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428 Freetown unitary state 1787 CE  1808 CE
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429 Futa Jallon confederated state 1725 CE  1896 CE
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430 Mane confederated state 1550 CE  1650 CE
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431 Middle and Late Nok quasi-polity 1500 BCE  901 BCE
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432 West Burkina Faso Yellow I quasi-polity 100 CE  500 CE
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433 Middle and Late Nok quasi-polity 900 BCE  0 CE
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434 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone quasi-polity 600 CE  1400 CE
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435 West Burkina Faso Red II and III quasi-polity 1100 CE  1400 CE
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436 West Burkina Faso Red IV quasi-polity 1401 CE  1500 CE
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437 West Burkina Faso Red I quasi-polity 701 CE  1100 CE
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438 Mossi quasi-polity 1100 CE  1897 CE
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439 Sape quasi-polity 1400 CE  1550 CE
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440 West Burkina Faso Yellow II quasi-polity 501 CE  700 CE
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441 Toutswe unknown Suspected 700 CE  1250 CE
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442 Torwa-Rozvi loose 1494 CE  1850 CE
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443 Mutapa loose 1450 CE  1880 CE
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444 Pandya Empire nominal 1216 CE  1323 CE
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445 Anurādhapura IV loose 614 CE  1017 CE
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446 Anurādhapura IV nominal 614 CE  1017 CE
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447 Polonnaruwa nominal 1070 CE  1255 CE
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448 Anurādhapura III nominal 428 CE  614 CE
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449 Dutch Empire loose 1648 CE  1795 CE
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450 Anurādhapura I nominal 300 BCE  70 CE
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451 Anurādhapura II nominal 70 CE  428 CE
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452 Kingdom of Jimma unitary state 1790 CE  1932 CE
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453 Adal Sultanate confederated state 1375 CE  1543 CE
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454 Ajuran Sultanate confederated state 1250 CE  1700 CE
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455 Shoa Sultanate confederated state 1108 CE  1285 CE
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456 Kingdom of Kaffa unknown Suspected 1390 CE 1529 CE
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457 Kingdom of Kaffa loose 1530 CE 1897 CE
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458 Proto-Yoruba quasi-polity 301 CE  649 CE
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459 Late Formative Yoruba quasi-polity 650 CE  1049 CE
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460 Kwararafa loose 596 CE  1820 CE
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461 Allada unitary state Disputed 1100 CE  1724 CE
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462 Allada loose Disputed 1100 CE  1724 CE
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463 Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́ confederated state 1601 CE  1835 CE
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464 Whydah confederated state 1671 CE  1727 CE
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465 Oyo unknown Suspected 1300 CE  1535 CE
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466 Proto-Yoruboid quasi-polity 300 BCE  300 CE
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467 Aro confederated state 1690 CE  1902 CE
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468 Sokoto Caliphate loose 1804 CE  1904 CE
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469 Igala confederated state 1600 CE  1900 CE
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470 Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì nominal 1043 CE  1911 CE
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471 Hausa bakwai quasi-polity 900 CE  1808 CE
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472 Kanem-Borno confederated state 1380 CE  1893 CE
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473 Foys unitary state 1715 CE  1894 CE
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474 Benin Empire confederated state 1428 CE 1897 CE
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475 Benin Empire loose 1180 CE 1428 CE
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476 Wukari Federation confederated state 1820 CE  1899 CE
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477 Jolof Empire confederated state 1360 CE  1549 CE
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478 Buganda II unitary state 1717 CE  1894 CE
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479 Karagwe unitary state 1500 CE  1916 CE
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480 Kingdom of Nyinginya unitary state Uncertain 1736 CE 1796 CE
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481 Kingdom of Nyinginya unitary state 1797 CE 1897 CE
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482 Kingdom of Nyinginya nominal Uncertain 1736 CE 1796 CE
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483 Kingdom of Nyinginya nominal 1650 CE 1720 CE
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484 Nkore quasi-polity 1450 CE  1749 CE
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485 Burundi loose 1680 CE  1903 CE
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486 Buhaya quasi-polity 1700 CE  1890 CE
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487 British Empire II loose 1850 CE  1968 CE
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488 Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty confederated state 919 CE  1125 CE
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489 East Francia loose 842 CE 880 CE
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490 East Francia confederated state 880 CE 911 CE
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491 Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties loose 1126 CE  1254 CE
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492 Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period loose 1255 CE  1453 CE
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493 Electorate of Brandenburg loose 1415 CE 1539 CE
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494 Electorate of Brandenburg confederated state 1539 CE 1618 CE
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495 Electorate of Bavaria unitary state 1623 CE  1806 CE
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496 Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period none 1139 CE 1320 CE
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497 Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period unitary state 1320 CE 1370 CE
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498 Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty loose 1000 CE 1150 CE
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499 Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty confederated state 1222 CE 1301 CE
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