General Description “It was an era of climatic change and ecological crisis, innovation in technology and social organization, and unprecedented scale of migration. More important, the period also marked the beginning of the splitting of proto-Yoruboid into new daughter languages and dialects. [...] The adjustment to and consequences of the ecological crisis of the Archaic period also instigated other processes of cultural change that launched the proto-Yoruboid people on the path of sociopolitical and demographic differentiation from several of their proto-Benue-Kwa peers in the confluence area. Until the beginning of the first millennium AD, the proto-Yoruboid were undifferentiated from the other confluence language communities in group size, modes of subsistence, and technology. But as the nine-month dry season became the new normal in the guinea savanna and as several water sources dried up, it became more frequent for communities, households, and individuals to branch off from the older units in search of greener pastures.” [1]
[1]: (Ogundiran 2020: 42)
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| 1. Most widespread | Orisha Religion (Vast majority) |
| Orisha Religion |
| Orisha Religion |
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| Year Range | Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid) was in: |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Duration | [300 BCE ➜ 300 CE] | Suspected | |||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Succeeding Entity | Early Formative Proto-Yoruba | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Relationship to Preceding Entity | continuity | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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Preceding Entity
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continuity; Pre-Archaic Benue-Kwa [continuity] Update here
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| Degree of Centralization | quasi-polity | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Religious Tradition | Early Niger-Congo Religions | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Written Record | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Script | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Non Phonetic Writing | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Scientific Literature | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Sacred Text | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Literature | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Practical Literature | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Philosophy | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Lists Tables and Classification | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| History | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Fiction | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Calendar | Absent | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Theological Syncretism of Different Religions | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Religious Fragmentation | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Widespread Religion | 1. Most widespread: Orisha Religion (Vast majority) | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Official Religion | Orisha Religion | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Elites Religion | Orisha Religion | Confident | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More | |||||||
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| Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups | unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups | unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Religious Education | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Public Worship | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Conversion | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Pressure to Convert | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions | Unknown | Suspected | 300 BCE 300 CE | ||||||||
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| Variable | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | See More |
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