Home Region: West Africa (Africa)

Proto-Yoruboid

300 BCE 300 CE

D G SC R

New WA ni_proto_yoruboid

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Pre-Archaic Benue-Kwa] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

“It was an era of climatic change and ecological crisis, innovation in technology and social organization, and unprecedented scale of migration. More important, the period also marked the beginning of the splitting of proto-Yoruboid into new daughter languages and dialects. [...] The adjustment to and consequences of the ecological crisis of the Archaic period also instigated other processes of cultural change that launched the proto-Yoruboid people on the path of sociopolitical and demographic differentiation from several of their proto-Benue-Kwa peers in the confluence area. Until the beginning of the first millennium AD, the proto-Yoruboid were undifferentiated from the other confluence language communities in group size, modes of subsistence, and technology. But as the nine-month dry season became the new normal in the guinea savanna and as several water sources dried up, it became more frequent for communities, households, and individuals to branch off from the older units in search of greener pastures.”^[1]

[1]: (Ogundiran 2020: 42)

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Capital

Temporal Bounds

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

Professions

Bureaucracy Characteristics

Law

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

Transport Infrastructure

Special-purpose Sites

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Non Phonetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

Information / Postal System

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

Military use of Metals

Projectiles

Handheld weapons

Animals used in warfare

Armor

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables

Religious Demography

1 Theological Syncretism of Different Religions

1 Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers

1 Religious Fragmentation

1 Widespread Religion

1 Official Religion

1 Elites Religion

Religious Tolerance

1 Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions

1 Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

1 Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups

1 Government Restrictions on Religious Education

1 Government Restrictions on Public Worship

1 Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing

1 Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group

1 Government Restrictions on Conversion

1 Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings

1 Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature

1 Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion

1 Government Pressure to Convert

1 Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition

1 Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Broad

1 Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic

1 Moralizing Enforcement in This Life

1 Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward

1 Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted

1 Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife

1 Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites

1 Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers

1 Moralizing Enforcement is Certain

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

General Variables

Identity and Location Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 N	300 BCE 300 CE
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Capital	None (Absent Capital)	300 BCE 300 CE
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Temporal Bounds Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Duration	[300 BCE ➜ 300 CE] Suspected
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Political and Cultural Relations Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Early Formative Proto-Yoruba	300 BCE 300 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	300 BCE 300 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Pre-Archaic Benue-Kwa [continuity] Update here
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	300 BCE 300 CE
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Language Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Proto-Bene-Kwa	300 BCE 300 CE
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Language	Proto-Yoruboid	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religion Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Early Niger-Congo Religions	300 BCE 300 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Hierarchical Complexity Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	1	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Level	1	300 BCE 300 CE
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Professions Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Bureaucracy Characteristics Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Law Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Transport Infrastructure Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Special-purpose Sites Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Writing System Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Script	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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History	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Fiction	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Calendar	Absent	300 BCE 300 CE
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Information / Money Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Postal System Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Measurement System Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Religious Demography Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Theological Syncretism of Different Religions	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Syncretism of Religious Practices at the Level of Individual Believers	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Religious Fragmentation	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Widespread Religion	1. Most widespread: Orisha Religion (Vast majority)	300 BCE 300 CE
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Official Religion	Orisha Religion	300 BCE 300 CE
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Elites Religion	Orisha Religion	300 BCE 300 CE
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Human Sacrifice Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Religious Tolerance Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Taxes Based on Religious Adherence or on Religious Activities and Institutions	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Frequency of Societal Violence Against Religious Groups	unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Societal Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Frequency of Governmental Violence Against Religious Groups	unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Religious Education	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Worship	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Public Proselytizing	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of Any Religious Group	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Conversion	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Construction of Religious Buildings	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Restrictions on Circulation of Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Societal Pressure to Convert or Against Conversion	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Pressure to Convert	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognition	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Government Discrimination Against Religious Groups Taking up Certain Occupations or Functions	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Proto-Yoruboid (ni_proto_yoruboid)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 300 CE
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