Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	31 N	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Original Name	Benin Empire	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Capital	Edo	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Alternative Name	Kingdom of Benin	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Temporal Bounds Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1480 CE ➜ 1590 CE]
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Duration	[1140 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[1170 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[1200 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[1300 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[1320 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Duration	[1450 CE ➜ 1897 CE] Disputed
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Political and Cultural Relations Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Succeeding Entity	Niger Coast Protectorate	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	elite migration Disputed	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Disputed	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Preceding Entity 900 CE 1450 CE	Igodomingodo (ni_igodomingodo) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	loose	1180 CE 1428 CE
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	1428 CE 1897 CE
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Language Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Niger-Congo	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Language	Bini	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Religion Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Bini religion	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	- Suspected	1180 CE 1785 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	[15,000 to 80,000] people	1786 CE 1792 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	- Suspected	1793 CE 1878 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	50,000 people	1879 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	- Suspected	1880 CE 1896 CE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	27,000 people	1897 CE
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Polity Territory	18,000 km²	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	3	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Religious Level	5	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Military Level	- Suspected	1140 CE 1439 CE
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Military Level	8	1440 CE 1800 CE
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Military Level	9	1801 CE 1897 CE
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Administrative Level	8	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Professions Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Merit Promotion	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Law Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Formal Legal Code	Present Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Court	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Utilitarian Public Building	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Port	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Bridge	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Special Purpose Site	Present Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Burial Site	Present Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Information / Writing System Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Script	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Philosophy	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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History	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Fiction	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Calendar	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Information / Money Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Precious Metal	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	1140 CE 1897 CE
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Information / Postal System Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Information / Measurement System Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Human Sacrifice Benin Empire (ni_benin_emp)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More