Section: Language
Variable: Polity Language (All coded records)
The language(s) used polity-wide for administration, religion, and military affairs.  
Polity Language
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Spanish Empire II Spanish Confident 1716 CE 1814 CE
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2 Chola Empire Tamil Confident 849 CE 1280 CE
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3 Carolingian Empire I Latin Confident 752 CE 840 CE
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4 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty Arabic Confident 822 CE 1037 CE
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5 Five Dynasties Period Chinese Confident 906 CE 970 CE
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6 British Empire I English Confident 1690 CE 1849 CE
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7 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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8 Jenne-jeno I unknown Suspected 250 BCE 49 CE
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9 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I unknown Suspected 200 CE 499 CE
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10 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Suspected 500 CE 649 CE
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11 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected 500 BCE 200 CE
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12 Wari Empire unknown Suspected 650 CE 999 CE
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13 Naqada II unknown Suspected 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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14 Japan - Initial Jomon uncoded Undecided 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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15 Japan - Middle Jomon uncoded Undecided 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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16 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period uncoded Undecided 1800 BCE 1300 BCE
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17 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I German Confident 1454 CE 1648 CE
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18 Carolingian Empire II Latin Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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19 Gahadavala Dynasty Sanskrit Confident 1085 CE 1193 CE
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20 Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity Latin Confident 476 CE 489 CE
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21 Japan - Late Jomon uncoded Undecided 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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22 Japan - Final Jomon uncoded Undecided 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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23 Oaxaca - Rosario uncoded Undecided 700 BCE 500 BCE
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24 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II uncoded Undecided Expert 900 CE 1049 CE
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25 Cahokia - Sand Prairie uncoded Undecided Expert 1275 CE 1400 CE
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26 Oaxaca - San Jose uncoded Undecided 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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27 Himyar I Sabaic Confident 270 CE 340 CE
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28 Rasulid Dynasty Arabic Confident 1229 CE 1453 CE
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29 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty Sanskrit Confident 650 CE 780 CE
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30 * Norman England Latin Confident 1066 CE 1153 CE
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31 Himyar II Sabaic Confident 378 CE 525 CE
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32 Xianbei Confederation Xianbei Confident 100 CE 250 CE
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33 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty Sanskrit Confident 730 CE 1030 CE
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34 Kingdom of Ayodhya Sanskrit Confident 64 BCE 34 CE
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35 * Norman England Anglo-Norman Confident 1066 CE 1153 CE
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36 Yemen - Era of Warlords Arabic Confident 1038 CE 1174 CE
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37 Khmer Kingdom Mon Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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38 Egypt - Dynasty I unknown Suspected 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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39 Naqada I unknown Suspected 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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40 Egypt - Dynasty II uncoded Undecided 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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41 * Norman England Old English Confident 1066 CE 1153 CE
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42 Shiwei Khitan Confident 600 CE 1000 CE
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43 Wei Kingdom Chinese Confident 220 CE 265 CE
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44 Egypt - Dynasty 0 unknown Suspected 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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45 Hmong - Late Qing Hmong-Mien Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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46 Egypt - Saite Period Demotic Confident 664 BCE 525 BCE
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47 Hmong - Late Qing Hmongic Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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48 Hmong - Late Qing Chuanqiandian Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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49 Northern Wei Chinese Confident 386 CE 534 CE
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50 Early Qing Manchu language Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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51 Late Qing Manchu language Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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52 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II unknown Confident Expert 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
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53 Cahokia - Moorehead uncoded Undecided Expert 1200 CE 1275 CE
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54 Western Zhou Chinese Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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55 Badarian unknown Suspected 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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56 Buhaya Haya Confident 1700 CE 1890 CE
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57 Karagwe Kinyambo Confident 1500 CE 1916 CE
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58 Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty Czech Confident 1310 CE 1526 CE
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59 Jin Dynasty Khitan Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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60 Ancient Khwarazm Sogdian Confident 1000 BCE 521 BCE
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61 Eastern Han Empire Chinese Confident 25 CE 220 CE
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62 Western Jin Chinese Confident 265 CE 317 CE
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63 Jin Chinese Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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64 Jin Dynasty Middle Chinese Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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65 Jin Dynasty Jurchen Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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66 Great Ming Chinese Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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67 Northern Song Chinese Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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68 Late Shang Chinese Confident 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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69 Sui Dynasty Chinese Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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70 Tang Dynasty II Chinese Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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71 Early Wei Dynasty Chinese Confident 445 BCE 225 BCE
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72 Western Han Empire Chinese Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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73 Great Yuan Mongolian language Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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74 Great Yuan Chinese Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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75 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period Demotic Confident 404 BCE 342 BCE
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76 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I Arabic Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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77 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II Arabic Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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78 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period Arabic Confident 868 CE 969 CE
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79 Proto-Carolingian Latin Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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80 Proto-Carolingian Germanic Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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81 Middle Merovingian Latin Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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82 Middle Merovingian Germanic Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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83 Erligang archaic Chinese Confident 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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84 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period Ancient Egyptian Confident 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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85 Chuuk - Late Truk Chuukese Confident 1886 CE 1948 CE
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86 La Tene A-B1 Gallic Confident 475 BCE 325 BCE
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87 La Tene B2-C1 Gallic Confident 325 BCE 175 BCE
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88 La Tene C2-D Gaulish Confident 175 BCE 27 BCE
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89 Qatabanian Commonwealth Qatabanic Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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90 Final Postpalatial Crete Minoan Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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91 Final Postpalatial Crete Early Greek Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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92 Hoysala Kingdom Kannada Confident 1108 CE 1346 CE
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93 Hoysala Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 1108 CE 1346 CE
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94 Abbasid Caliphate II Arabic Confident 1191 CE 1258 CE
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95 Bazi Dynasty Akkadian Confident 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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96 Dynasty of E Mesopotamian Religions Confident 979 BCE 732 BCE
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97 Egypt - Middle Kingdom Ancient Egyptian Confident Expert 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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98 Egypt - Period of the Regions Ancient Egyptian Confident Expert 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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99 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom Ancient Egyptian Confident Expert 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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100 British Empire II English Confident Expert 1850 CE 1968 CE
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101 Archaic Crete Doric Greek Confident Expert 710 BCE 500 BCE
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102 Classical Crete Doric Greek Confident Expert 500 BCE 323 BCE
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103 Geometric Crete Doric Greek Confident Expert 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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104 Geometric Crete Eteocretan Confident Expert 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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105 Hawaii II Hawaiian Confident Expert 1200 CE 1580 CE
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106 Hawaii III Hawaiian Confident Expert 1580 CE 1778 CE
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107 Mataram Sultanate Javanese Confident Expert 1568 CE 1755 CE
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108 Yisrael Hebrew Confident Expert 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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109 Second Dynasty of Isin Akkadian Confident 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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110 Majapahit Kingdom Middle Javanese Confident 1292 CE 1518 CE
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111 Chalukyas of Badami Sanskrit Confident 543 CE 753 CE
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112 Chalukyas of Badami Kannada Confident 543 CE 753 CE
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113 Gupta Empire Sanskrit Confident 320 CE 550 CE
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114 Kadamba Empire Sanskrit Confident 345 CE 550 CE
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115 Kampili Kingdom Kannada Confident 1280 CE 1327 CE
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116 Kampili Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 1280 CE 1327 CE
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117 Rashtrakuta Empire Sanskrit Confident 753 CE 973 CE
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118 Rashtrakuta Empire Kannada Confident 753 CE 973 CE
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119 Magadha - Sunga Empire Sanskrit Confident 187 BCE 65 BCE
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120 Amorite Babylonia Amorite Confident 2000 BCE 1600 BCE
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121 Amorite Babylonia Old Babylonian Confident 2000 BCE 1600 BCE
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122 Early Dynastic Sumerian Confident 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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123 Hallstatt A-B1 uncoded Undecided 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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124 Ak Koyunlu Persian Confident 1339 CE 1501 CE
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125 Ilkhanate Mongolian Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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126 Elam III Elamite Confident 612 BCE 539 BCE
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127 Qajar Persian Confident 1794 CE 1925 CE
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128 Exarchate of Ravenna Latin Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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129 Exarchate of Ravenna Greek Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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130 Roman Kingdom Latin Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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131 Republic of St Peter I Latin Confident 711 CE 904 CE
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132 Republic of Venice III Italian Confident 1204 CE 1563 CE
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133 Republic of Venice IV Italian Confident 1564 CE 1797 CE
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134 Kansai - Kofun Period Japanese Confident 250 CE 537 CE
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135 Susa II Sumerian Confident 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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136 Postpalatial Crete Minoan Confident Expert 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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137 Postpalatial Crete Early Greek Confident Expert 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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138 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected Expert 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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139 Ubaid unknown Suspected Expert 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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140 Papal States - Early Modern Period I Latin Confident Expert 1527 CE 1648 CE
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141 Papal States - Early Modern Period II Latin Confident Expert 1648 CE 1809 CE
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142 Phoenician Empire Phoenician Confident Expert 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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143 Susa III Sumerian Confident 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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144 Latium - Bronze Age Latin Confident 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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145 Latium - Iron Age Latin Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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146 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity Latin Confident 395 CE 476 CE
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147 Ashikaga Shogunate Middle Japanese Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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148 Kamakura Shogunate Middle Japanese Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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149 Warring States Japan Middle Japanese Confident 1467 CE 1568 CE
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150 Classical Angkor Old Khmer Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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151 Classical Angkor Mon Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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152 Classical Angkor Tai Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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153 Late Angkor Khmer Confident 1220 CE 1432 CE
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154 Khmer Kingdom Khmer Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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155 Japan - Incipient Jomon uncoded Undecided 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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156 Chenla Old Khmer Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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157 Saadi Sultanate Arabic Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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158 Saadi Sultanate Berber Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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159 Mali Empire Mande Confident 1230 CE 1410 CE
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160 Khitan I Khitan Confident 907 CE 1125 CE
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161 Early Xiongnu Xiongnu Confident 1400 BCE 300 BCE
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162 Late Mongols Khalkha Confident 1368 CE 1690 CE
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163 Zungharian Empire Oirat Confident 1670 CE 1757 CE
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164 Later Wagadu Empire Mande Confident 1078 CE 1203 CE
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165 Middle Wagadu Empire Mande Confident 700 CE 1077 CE
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166 Monte Alban III Zapotec Confident 200 CE 500 CE
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167 Indo-Greek Kingdom Greek Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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168 Indo-Greek Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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169 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic unknown Confident Expert 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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170 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic unknown Confident Expert 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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171 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic unknown Confident Expert 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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172 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Confident Expert 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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173 Egypt - Kushite Period Merotic Confident 747 BCE 656 BCE
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174 Rattanakosin Thai Confident 1782 CE 1873 CE
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175 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II Nesite Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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176 Late Cappadocia Greek Confident 330 BCE 16 CE
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177 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic Indo-European language Confident 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
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178 Chuuk - Early Truk Chuukese Confident 1775 CE 1886 CE
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179 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas uncoded Undecided 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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180 Hatti - Old Kingdom Nesite Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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181 Lysimachus Kingdom Greek Confident 323 BCE 281 BCE
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182 Phrygian Kingdom Phrygian Confident 900 BCE 695 BCE
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183 Rum Sultanate Turkish Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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184 Tabal Kingdoms Luwian Confident 900 BCE 730 BCE
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185 Timurid Empire Chagatai Turkish Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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186 Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty Czech Confident 1198 CE 1309 CE
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187 Chagatai Khanate Middle Mongolian Confident 1263 CE 1402 CE
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188 Khanate of Bukhara Persian Confident 1599 CE 1747 CE
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189 Koktepe II Ancient Iranian Confident 750 BCE 550 BCE
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190 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty Arabic Confident 1454 CE 1517 CE
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191 Durrani Empire Pashto Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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192 Durrani Empire Persian Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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193 Ghur Principality Persian Confident 1025 CE 1215 CE
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194 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Greek Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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195 Late Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected Expert 400 BCE 101 BCE
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196 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected Expert 100 BCE 99 CE
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197 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I uncoded Undecided Expert 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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198 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period Hawaiian Confident Expert 1778 CE 1819 CE
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199 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Bactrian Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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200 Hephthalites Bactrian Confident 408 CE 561 CE
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201 Tairona Atanque Confident 1050 CE 1524 CE
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202 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic uncoded Undecided 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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203 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic uncoded Undecided 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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204 Kidarite Kingdom Sogdian Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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205 Proto-French Kingdom Occitan Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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206 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period Sindhi Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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207 Kidarite Kingdom Bactrian Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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208 Kidarite Kingdom Pahlavi Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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209 Kidarite Kingdom Brahmi Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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210 French Kingdom - Late Capetian French Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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211 Kansai - Yayoi Period Japanese Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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212 Tocharians Tocharian Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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213 Kushan Empire Kharoshthi Confident Expert 35 CE 319 CE
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214 Tocharians Bactrian Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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215 Erlitou archaic Chinese Confident 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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216 Hmong - Early Chinese Xiangxi Confident 1895 CE 1941 CE
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217 French Kingdom - Late Capetian Langues dOil Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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218 French Kingdom - Late Capetian Occitan Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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219 Electorate of Brandenburg German Confident 1415 CE 1618 CE
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220 Hmong - Early Chinese Qiandong Confident 1895 CE 1941 CE
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221 Hmong - Early Chinese Chuanqiandian Confident 1895 CE 1941 CE
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222 Northern Wei Xianbei Confident 386 CE 534 CE
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223 Early Qing Chinese Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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224 Late Qing Chinese Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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225 Spanish Empire I Castilian Spanish Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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226 Shuar - Colonial Shuar Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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227 French Kingdom - Early Valois French Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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228 French Kingdom - Late Valois French Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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229 Vakataka Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 255 CE 550 CE
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230 Shuar - Ecuadorian Shuar Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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231 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III Arabic Confident 1412 CE 1517 CE
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232 Spanish Empire I Castilian Spanish Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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233 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon French Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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234 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon French Confident 1660 CE 1815 CE
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235 Proto-French Kingdom French Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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236 Proto-French Kingdom Langues dOil Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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237 State of the Teutonic Order German Confident 1300 CE 1400 CE
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238 Akan - Pre-Ashanti Akan Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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239 Akan - Pre-Ashanti Twi Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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240 Ashanti Empire Akan Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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241 Ashanti Empire Twi Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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242 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period Late Egyptian Confident Expert 1550 BCE 1293 BCE
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243 Ptolemaic Kingdom I Greek Confident Expert 305 BCE 217 BCE
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244 Ptolemaic Kingdom I demotic Egyptian Confident Expert 305 BCE 217 BCE
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245 The Emirate of Crete Greek Confident Expert 824 CE 961 CE
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246 The Emirate of Crete Arabic Confident Expert 824 CE 961 CE
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247 Monopalatial Crete Minoan Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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248 Monopalatial Crete Early Greek Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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249 Ur - Dynasty III Akkadian Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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250 Iban - Pre-Brooke Iban Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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251 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Vai Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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252 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial Iban Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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253 Kalingga Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 500 CE 732 CE
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254 Kediri Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 1049 CE 1222 CE
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255 Kediri Kingdom Old Javanese Confident 1049 CE 1222 CE
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256 Majapahit Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 1292 CE 1518 CE
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257 Medang Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 732 CE 1019 CE
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258 Hawaii I Old Hawaiian Confident Expert 1000 CE 1200 CE
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259 Medang Kingdom Old Javanese Confident 732 CE 1019 CE
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260 Isin-Larsa Akkadian Confident 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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261 Chalukyas of Kalyani Kannada Confident 973 CE 1189 CE
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262 Chalukyas of Kalyani Sanskrit Confident 973 CE 1189 CE
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263 Vijayanagara Empire Sanskrit Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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264 Delhi Sultanate Persian Confident 1206 CE 1526 CE
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265 Delhi Sultanate Urdu Confident 1206 CE 1526 CE
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266 Early A'chik A’chik Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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267 Yehuda Aramaic Confident Expert 141 BCE 63 BCE
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268 Yehuda Hebrew Confident Expert 141 BCE 63 BCE
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269 Yehuda Greek Confident Expert 141 BCE 63 BCE
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270 Late A'chik A’chik Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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271 Gupta Empire Prakrit Confident 320 CE 550 CE
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272 Kadamba Empire Prakrit Confident 345 CE 550 CE
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273 Kadamba Empire Kannada Confident 345 CE 550 CE
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274 Neo-Assyrian Empire Aramaic Confident 911 BCE 612 BCE
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275 Ur - Dynasty III Sumerian Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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276 Magadha - Maurya Empire Prakrit Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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277 Magadha - Maurya Empire Sanskrit Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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278 Mughal Empire Urdu Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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279 Mughal Empire Persian Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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280 Satavahana Empire Prakrit Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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281 Satavahana Empire Kannada Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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282 Magadha - Sunga Empire Prakrit Confident 187 BCE 65 BCE
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283 Vijayanagara Empire Telugu Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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284 Vijayanagara Empire Tamil Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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285 Vijayanagara Empire Kannada Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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286 Abbasid Caliphate I Arabic Confident 750 CE 946 CE
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287 Akkadian Empire Akkadian Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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288 Akkadian Empire Sumerian Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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289 Achaemenid Empire Old Persian Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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290 Buyid Confederation Persian Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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291 Buyid Confederation Arabic Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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292 Achaemenid Empire Aramaic Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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293 Achaemenid Empire Elamite Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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294 Achaemenid Empire Greek Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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295 Achaemenid Empire Egyptian Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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296 Elam - Igihalkid Period Akkadian Confident 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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297 Elam - Awan Dynasty I Old Elamite Confident 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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298 Elam - Awan Dynasty I Akkadian Confident 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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299 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II German Confident 1649 CE 1918 CE
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300 Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen Faction German Confident 1198 CE 1215 CE
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301 Elymais II Greek Confident 25 CE 215 CE
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302 Ilkhanate Persian Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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303 Ilkhanate Arabic Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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304 Elam - Kidinuid Period Elamite Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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305 Elam - Kidinuid Period Akkadian Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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306 Elam - Igihalkid Period Elamite Confident 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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307 Mongol Empire Chinese Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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308 Elam - Shutrukid Period Elamite Confident 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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309 Elam - Shutrukid Period Akkadian Confident 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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310 Elam II Elamite Confident 743 BCE 647 BCE
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311 East Francia German Confident 842 CE 919 CE
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312 Elam II native Iranian languages Confident 743 BCE 647 BCE
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313 Parthian Empire I Greek Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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314 Parthian Empire I Pahlavi Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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315 Parthian Empire II Greek Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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316 Parthian Empire II Pahlavi Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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317 Safavid Empire Persian Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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318 Rome - Republic of St Peter II Latin Confident 904 CE 1198 CE
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319 Safavid Empire Turkic Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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320 Safavid Empire Arabic Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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321 Sasanid Empire I Pahlavi Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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322 Sasanid Empire II Pahlavi Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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323 Monte Alban IIIB and IV Zapotec Confident 500 CE 900 CE
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324 Seleucids Greek Confident 312 BCE 63 BCE
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325 Seljuk Sultanate Turkish Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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326 Seljuk Sultanate Arabic Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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327 Electorate of Bavaria German Confident 1623 CE 1806 CE
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328 Seljuk Sultanate Persian Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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329 Elam - Shimashki Period Elamite Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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330 Elam - Shimashki Period Akkadian Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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331 Elam - Shimashki Period Babylonian Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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332 Middle Roman Republic Latin Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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333 Elam - Early Sukkalmah Elamite Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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334 Papal States - Renaissance Period Latin Confident Expert 1378 CE 1527 CE
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335 Elam - Early Sukkalmah Akkadian Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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336 Early Roman Republic Latin Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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337 Early Roman Republic Greek Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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338 Germany - Hohenzollern Dynasty German Confident 1871 CE 1918 CE
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339 Elam - Early Sukkalmah Babylonian Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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340 Elam - Early Sukkalmah Hurrian Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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341 Elam - Early Sukkalmah Amorite Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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342 Susa III Proto-Elamite Confident 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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343 Ostrogothic Kingdom Latin Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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344 Ostrogothic Kingdom Germanic Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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345 Tokugawa Shogunate Early Modern Japanese Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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346 Mongol Empire Mongolian Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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347 Middle Roman Republic Greek Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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348 Late Roman Republic Latin Confident Expert 133 BCE 31 BCE
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349 Late Roman Republic Greek Confident Expert 133 BCE 31 BCE
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350 Asuka Old Japanese Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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351 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama Middle Japanese Confident 1568 CE 1603 CE
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352 Heian Late Old Japanese Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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353 Heian Middle Japanese Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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354 Nara Kingdom Old Japanese Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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355 Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period German Confident 1255 CE 1453 CE
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356 Kara-Khanids Arabic Confident 950 CE 1212 CE
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357 Kara-Khanids Turkic Confident 950 CE 1212 CE
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358 Western Turk Khaganate Sogdian Confident 582 CE 630 CE
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359 Western Turk Khaganate Old Turkic Confident 582 CE 630 CE
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360 Mongol Empire Persian Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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361 Japan - Early Jomon uncoded Undecided 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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362 Western Turk Khaganate Iranian Confident 582 CE 630 CE
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363 Early Angkor Old Khmer Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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364 Khmer Kingdom Tai Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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365 Khmer Kingdom Pali Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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366 Chenla Sanskrit Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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367 Funan I Khmer Confident 225 CE 540 CE
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368 Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties Hungarian Confident 1302 CE 1526 CE
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369 Funan I Mon Confident 225 CE 540 CE
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370 Funan II Khmer Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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371 Funan II Mon Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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372 Saadi Sultanate Spanish Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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373 Saadi Sultanate Portuguese Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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374 Bamana kingdom Bambara Confident 1712 CE 1861 CE
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375 Mali Empire Arabic Confident 1230 CE 1410 CE
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376 Segou Kingdom Bambara Confident 1650 CE 1712 CE
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377 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty Mande Confident 1493 CE 1591 CE
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378 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty Songhay Confident 1493 CE 1591 CE
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379 Uigur Khaganate Old Turkic Confident 745 CE 840 CE
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380 Eastern Turk Khaganate Old Turkic Confident 583 CE 630 CE
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381 Eastern Turk Khaganate Sogdian Confident 583 CE 630 CE
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382 Mongol Empire Latin Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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383 Mongol Empire Russian Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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384 Mongol Empire Georgian Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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385 Mongol Empire Armenian Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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386 Rouran Khaganate Rouran Confident 300 CE 555 CE
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387 Second Turk Khaganate Old Turkic Confident 682 CE 744 CE
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388 Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty Hungarian Confident 1000 CE 1301 CE
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389 Late Xiongnu Xiongnu Confident 60 BCE 100 CE
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390 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation Xiongnu Confident 209 BCE 60 BCE
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391 Early Monte Alban I Zapotec Confident 500 BCE 300 BCE
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392 Monte Alban Late I Zapotec Confident 300 BCE 100 BCE
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393 Monte Alban II Zapotec Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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394 Early Mongols Kereid Confident Expert 1000 CE 1206 CE
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395 Early Mongols Naimans Confident Expert 1000 CE 1206 CE
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396 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I Aymara Confident 1000 CE 1250 CE
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397 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I Puquina Confident 1000 CE 1250 CE
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398 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II Aymara Confident 1250 CE 1400 CE
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399 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II Puquina Confident 1250 CE 1400 CE
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400 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial Orokaiva Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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401 Inca Empire Quechua Confident Expert 1375 CE 1532 CE
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402 Orokaiva - Colonial Orokaiva Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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403 Indo-Greek Kingdom Prakrit Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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404 Indo-Greek Kingdom Bactrian Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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405 Indo-Greek Kingdom Aramaic Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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406 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period Arabic Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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407 Sind - Samma Dynasty Sindhi Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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408 Sind - Samma Dynasty Punjabi Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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409 Sakha - Early Sakha (Yakut) Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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410 Sakha - Late Sakha (Yakut) Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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411 Egypt - Kushite Period Egyptian Confident 747 BCE 656 BCE
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412 Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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413 Umayyad Caliphate Coptic Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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414 Umayyad Caliphate Greek Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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415 Umayyad Caliphate Persian Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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416 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Temne Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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417 Mossi Mossi Confident 1100 CE 1897 CE
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418 Ayutthaya Tai Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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419 Ayutthaya Thai Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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420 Fatimid Caliphate Arabic Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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421 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age Proto-Indo-European language Confident 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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422 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II Luwian Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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423 Kingdom of Gomma Oromo Confident 1780 CE 1886 CE
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424 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Hattic Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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425 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Luwian Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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426 Qatabanian Commonwealth Hadramawtic Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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427 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Hittite Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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428 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Hurrian Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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429 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Old Assyrian dialect of Akkadian Confident 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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430 Hatti - New Kingdom Nesite Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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431 Byzantine Empire II Greek Confident Expert 867 CE 1072 CE
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432 Byzantine Empire III Greek Confident Expert 1073 CE 1204 CE
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433 East Roman Empire Greek Confident Expert 395 CE 631 CE
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434 Hatti - New Kingdom Luwian Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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435 Hatti - Old Kingdom Luwian Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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436 Kingdom of Lydia Lydian Confident 670 BCE 546 BCE
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437 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms Luwian Confident 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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438 Ottoman Empire II Turkish Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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439 Ottoman Empire III Turkish Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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440 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan Sabaic Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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441 Ottoman Emirate Ottoman Turkish Confident Expert 1299 CE 1402 CE
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442 Ottoman Empire I Persian Confident Expert 1402 CE 1517 CE
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443 Roman Empire - Dominate Latin Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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444 Roman Empire - Dominate Greek Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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445 Rum Sultanate Persian Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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446 Rum Sultanate Arabic Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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447 Early Illinois Confederation Miami Illinois Confident 1640 CE 1717 CE
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448 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Cayuga Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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449 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Mohawk Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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450 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan Mainic Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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451 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Oneida Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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452 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Onondaga Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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453 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Seneca Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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454 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Tuscarora Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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455 Qatabanian Commonwealth Old Arabic Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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456 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Cayuga Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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457 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Mohawk Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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458 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Oneida Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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459 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Onondaga Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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460 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Seneca Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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461 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Tuscarora Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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462 Samanid Empire Arabic Confident 819 CE 999 CE
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463 Samanid Empire Persian Confident 819 CE 999 CE
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464 Sogdiana - City-States Period Sogdian Confident 604 CE 711 CE
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465 Timurid Empire Persian Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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466 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty Arabic Confident 1637 CE 1805 CE
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467 Qatabanian Commonwealth Sabaic Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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468 Qatabanian Commonwealth Mainic Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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469 Sabaean Commonwealth Old Arabic Confident Expert 800 BCE 451 BCE
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470 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan Qatabanic Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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471 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan Hadramawtic Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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472 Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan Old Arabic Confident 110 BCE 149 CE
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473 Early Modern Sierra Leone Susu Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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474 Early Modern Sierra Leone Koranko Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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475 Early Modern Sierra Leone Limba Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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476 Early Modern Sierra Leone Temne Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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477 Sape Temne Confident 1400 CE 1550 CE
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478 Early Modern Sierra Leone Mande Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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479 Early Modern Sierra Leone Bullom Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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480 Early Modern Sierra Leone Loko Confident 1650 CE 1896 CE
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481 Kaabu Manding Confident 1500 CE 1867 CE
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482 Freetown English Confident 1787 CE 1808 CE
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483 Freetown Krio Confident 1787 CE 1808 CE
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484 Futa Jallon Pulaar Confident 1725 CE 1896 CE
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485 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Limba Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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486 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Bullom Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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487 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Kissi Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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488 Pre-Sape Sierra Leone Krim Confident 600 CE 1400 CE
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489 Sape Bullom Confident 1400 CE 1550 CE
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490 Great Zimbabwe Shona Confident 1270 CE 1550 CE
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491 Torwa-Rozvi Shona Confident 1494 CE 1850 CE
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492 Mutapa Shona Confident 1450 CE 1880 CE
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493 Pandya Empire Tamil Confident 1216 CE 1323 CE
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494 Dambadaneiya Sinhala Confident 1232 CE 1293 CE
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495 Anurādhapura IV Sinhala Confident 614 CE 1017 CE
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496 Polonnaruwa Sinhala Confident 1070 CE 1255 CE
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497 Habr Yunis Arabic Confident 1300 CE 1886 CE
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498 Polonnaruwa Tamil Confident 1070 CE 1255 CE
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499 Anurādhapura III Sinhala Confident 428 CE 614 CE
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500 Dutch Empire Dutch Confident 1648 CE 1795 CE
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501 Anurādhapura I Sinhala Confident 300 BCE 70 CE
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502 Jaffna Tamil Confident 1310 CE 1591 CE
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503 Jaffna Sinhalese Confident 1310 CE 1591 CE
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504 Anurādhapura II Sinhala Confident 70 CE 428 CE
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505 Kingdom of Jimma Oromo Confident 1790 CE 1932 CE
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506 Adal Sultanate Arabic Confident 1375 CE 1543 CE
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507 Adal Sultanate Harari Confident 1375 CE 1543 CE
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508 Adal Sultanate Argobba Confident 1375 CE 1543 CE
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509 Tunni Sultanate Arabic Confident 800 CE 1200 CE
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510 Tunni Sultanate Maay Confident 800 CE 1200 CE
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511 Ajuran Sultanate Arabic Confident 1250 CE 1700 CE
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512 Emirate of Harar Oromo Confident 1650 CE 1875 CE
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513 Habr Yunis Somali Confident 1300 CE 1886 CE
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514 Sultanate of Geledi Arabic Confident 1750 CE 1911 CE
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515 Sultanate of Geledi Maay Confident 1750 CE 1911 CE
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516 Shoa Sultanate Arabic Confident 1108 CE 1285 CE
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517 Shoa Sultanate Harari Confident 1108 CE 1285 CE
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518 Early Sultanate of Aussa Qafar Confident 1734 CE 1895 CE
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519 Ifat Sultanate Argobba Confident 1280 CE 1375 CE
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520 Shoa Sultanate Argobba Confident 1108 CE 1285 CE
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521 Harla Kingdom Harla Confident 10000 BCE 2000 CE
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522 Harla Kingdom Arabic Confident 10000 BCE 2000 CE
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523 Hadiya Sultanate Hadiyya Confident 1300 CE 1680 CE
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524 Ifat Sultanate Arabic Confident 1280 CE 1375 CE
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525 Ifat Sultanate Harari Confident 1280 CE 1375 CE
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526 Pandya Dynasty Sanskrit Confident 590 CE 915 CE
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527 Medri Bahri Tigrinya Confident 1310 CE 1889 CE
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528 Majeerteen Sultanate Arabic Confident 1750 CE 1926 CE
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529 Majeerteen Sultanate Somali Confident 1750 CE 1926 CE
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530 Funj Sultanate Arabic Confident 1504 CE 1820 CE
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531 Funj Sultanate Funj Confident 1504 CE 1820 CE
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532 Kingdom of Kaffa Kafa Confident 1390 CE 1897 CE
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533 Kingdom of Kaffa Yemsa Confident 1390 CE 1897 CE
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534 Kingdom of Gumma Oromo Confident 1800 CE 1897 CE
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535 Emirate of Harar Harari Confident 1650 CE 1875 CE
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536 Isaaq Sultanate Arabic Confident 1300 CE 1886 CE
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537 Isaaq Sultanate Somali Confident 1300 CE 1886 CE
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538 Proto-Yoruba Proto-Yoruba Confident 301 CE 649 CE
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539 Classical Ife Yoruba Confident 1000 CE 1400 CE
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540 Classical Ife Bini Confident 1000 CE 1400 CE
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541 Late Formative Yoruba Yoruba Confident 650 CE 1049 CE
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542 Kwararafa Jukun Confident 596 CE 1820 CE
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543 Allada Ajagbe Confident 1100 CE 1724 CE
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544 Allada Yoruba Confident 1100 CE 1724 CE
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545 Nayaks of Thanjavur Telugu Confident 1532 CE 1676 CE
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546 Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́ Yoruba Confident 1601 CE 1835 CE
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547 Whydah Ajagbe Confident 1671 CE 1727 CE
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548 Oyo Yoruba Confident 1300 CE 1535 CE
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549 Proto-Yoruboid Proto-Yoruboid Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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550 Sokoto Caliphate Sokoto Confident 1804 CE 1904 CE
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551 Sokoto Caliphate Hausa Confident 1804 CE 1904 CE
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552 Sokoto Caliphate Arabic Confident 1804 CE 1904 CE
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553 Igala Idoma Confident 1600 CE 1900 CE
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554 Igala Arabic Confident 1600 CE 1900 CE
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555 Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì Igbo Confident 1043 CE 1911 CE
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556 Soviet Union Russian Confident 1918 CE 1991 CE
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557 Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II Russian Confident 1776 CE 1917 CE
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558 Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I Russian Confident 1614 CE 1775 CE
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559 Burundi Kirundi Confident 1680 CE 1903 CE
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560 Fipa Fipa Confident 1600 CE 1890 CE
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561 Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì Nri Confident 1043 CE 1911 CE
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562 Hausa bakwai Hausa Confident 900 CE 1808 CE
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563 Kanem-Borno Kanuri Confident 1380 CE 1893 CE
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564 Kanem-Borno Kanembu Confident 1380 CE 1893 CE
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565 Kanem-Borno Arabic Confident 1380 CE 1893 CE
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566 Foys Fongbe Confident 1600 CE 1892 CE
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567 Benin Empire Bini Confident 1140 CE 1897 CE
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568 Wukari Federation Jukun Confident 1820 CE 1899 CE
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569 Kingdom of Cayor Wolof Confident 1549 CE 1864 CE
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570 Kingdom of Saloum Sereer Confident 1490 CE 1863 CE
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571 Late Pallava Empire Sanskrit Confident 300 CE 890 CE
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572 Nkore Runyankore Confident 1750 CE 1901 CE
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573 Kingdom of Baol Sereer Confident 1550 CE 1890 CE
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574 Kingdom of Baol Wolof Confident 1550 CE 1890 CE
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575 Kingdom of Sine Sereer Confident 1350 CE 1887 CE
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576 Kingdom of Waalo Wolof Confident 1287 CE 1855 CE
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577 Jolof Empire Wolof Confident 1360 CE 1549 CE
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578 Nkore Runyankore Confident 1450 CE 1749 CE
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579 Imamate of Futa Toro Fula Confident 1776 CE 1860 CE
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580 Pandya Dynasty Tamil Confident 590 CE 915 CE
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581 Imamate of Futa Toro Arabic Confident 1776 CE 1860 CE
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582 Denyanke Kingdom Fula Confident 1490 CE 1776 CE
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583 Kingdom of Jolof Wolof Confident 1549 CE 1865 CE
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584 Buganda Luganda Confident 1700 CE 1894 CE
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585 Buganda Luganda Confident 1450 CE 1699 CE
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586 Kingdom of Nyinginya Kinyarwanda Confident 1650 CE 1897 CE
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587 Late Pallava Empire Old Tamil Confident 300 CE 890 CE
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588 Early Cholas Old Tamil Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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589 Early Cholas Prakrit Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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590 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom Telugu Confident 1675 CE 1799 CE
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591 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom Sanskrit Confident 1675 CE 1799 CE
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592 Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom Tamil Confident 1675 CE 1799 CE
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593 Early Pandyas Old Tamil Confident 300 BCE 300 CE
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594 Carnatic Sultanate Persian Confident 1710 CE 1801 CE
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595 Late Pallava Empire Prakrit Confident 300 CE 890 CE
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596 Kalabhra Dynasty Prakrit Confident 200 CE 600 CE
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597 Kalabhra Dynasty Pali Confident 200 CE 600 CE
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598 Kalabhra Dynasty Old Tamil Confident 200 CE 600 CE
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599 Kalabhra Dynasty Sanskrit Confident 200 CE 600 CE
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600 Nayaks of Madurai Tamil Confident 1529 CE 1736 CE
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601 Aro Igbo Confident 1690 CE 1902 CE
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602 Aro Efik-Ibibio Confident 1690 CE 1902 CE
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603 Kushan Empire Greek Confident Expert 35 CE 319 CE
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604 Kushan Empire Bactrian Confident Expert 35 CE 319 CE
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605 Tang Dynasty I Chinese Confident Expert 617 CE 763 CE
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606 Ayyubid Sultanate Arabic Confident Expert 1171 CE 1250 CE
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607 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period Late Egyptian Confident Expert 1293 BCE 1070 BCE
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608 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom Ancient Egyptian Confident Expert 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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609 Ptolemaic Kingdom II Greek Confident Expert 217 BCE 30 BCE
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610 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period Ancient Egyptian Confident Expert 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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611 Hellenistic Crete Greek Confident Expert 323 BCE 69 BCE
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612 New Palace Crete unknown Suspected Expert 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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613 Canaan Canaanite Confident Expert 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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614 Icelandic Commonwealth Old Norse Confident Expert 930 CE 1262 CE
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615 Papal States - High Medieval Period Latin Confident Expert 1198 CE 1309 CE
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616 Roman Empire - Principate Latin Confident Expert 31 BCE 284 CE
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617 Early Mongols Mongolian Confident Expert 1000 CE 1206 CE
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618 Early Mongols Tatar Confident Expert 1000 CE 1206 CE
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619 Monte Alban V Zapotec Confident Expert 900 CE 1520 CE
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620 Kingdom of Norway II Icelandic Confident Expert 1262 CE 1396 CE
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621 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period unknown Confident Expert 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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622 Byzantine Empire I Greek Confident Expert 632 CE 866 CE
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623 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic Indo-European language Confident Expert 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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624 Ottoman Empire I Turkish Confident Expert 1402 CE 1517 CE
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625 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling uncoded Undecided Expert 1055 CE 1199 CE
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626 Sabaean Commonwealth Qatabanic Confident Expert 800 BCE 451 BCE
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627 Sabaean Commonwealth Sabaic Confident Expert 800 BCE 451 BCE
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628 Sabaean Commonwealth Mainic Confident Expert 800 BCE 451 BCE
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629 Early Merovingian Old Frankish Confident 481 CE 543 CE
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630 Sabaean Commonwealth Hadramawtic Confident Expert 800 BCE 451 BCE
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