Section: Armor
Variable: Helmet (All coded records)
The absence or presence of helmets as a military technology used in warfare.  
Helmet
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Hephthalites present Inferred 408 CE 561 CE
Inferred as used by warriors of the steppe. [1]

[1]: Karasulas, Antony. Mounted archers of the steppe 600 BC-AD 1300. Vol. 120. Osprey Publishing, 2004, pp.64-65.


2 Elam - Awan Dynasty I present Inferred 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
According to a military historian (a polity specialist needs to check this data): Earliest known helmet dates to 2500 BCE in Sumer. After this time use of helmets became widespread. [1] The example from Sumer was "a cap of hammered copper" fitted onto a leather cap. [1]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 22) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


3 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred 868 CE 969 CE
For Abbasid Caliphate: Widely available for soldiers. [1]

[1]: Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs pp. 168-178


4 Archaic Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 6000 BCE 2001 BCE
"Little is known about warfare in Mesoamerica before the Middle Formative [...] warfare was relatively unorganized, conducted by small groups armed with unspecialized tool-weapons". [1]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.


5 Longshan absent Inferred 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
Helmet found at Dayangzhou, Xin’gan, brings helmets to the Erligang period. [1]

[1]: (Thorp 2013, 110) Thorp, Robert L. 2013. China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization.University of Pennsylvania Press.


6 Deccan - Iron Age present Inferred 1200 BCE 300 BCE
‘Before 600 BC, warfare in India consisted of duels among the Kshatriya aristocrats in chariots and cow lifting raids carried out by tribal militias’. Kshatriya charioteers wore helmets made of metal [1] , presumably of copper. Refers to north of India? Deccan in south unlikely to be more developed than this. According to a military historian helmets were not widely used until the CE period; soldiers used thick turbans to protect their heads [2]

[1]: (Roy 2013) Kaushik Roy. 2013 Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Number 8. Routledge. Abingdon.

[2]: (Gabriel 2002, 220) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.


7 Early Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 1200 BCE 801 BCE
"Little is known about warfare in Mesoamerica before the Middle Formative [...] warfare was relatively unorganized, conducted by small groups armed with unspecialized tool-weapons". [1] known form artwork, but they may have been purely decorative (i.e. for status) and related to shamanistic rituals or the Mesoamerican ball game. [2] [3]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.

[2]: Niederberger, Christine. (1996). "The Basin of Mexico: Multimillenial Development toward Cultural Complexity." In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Emily P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, pp. 83-93.

[3]: Niederberger, Christine. (2000) "Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico Toward 1200 BC." In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by John E. Clark and Mary E. Pye. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 169-192.


8 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 400 BCE 101 BCE
The following implies that shields were the only form of armor: "In reaction to slings, shields were widely adopted in the Late Formative, especially rectangular ones that protected most of the body [...] The protection afforded the trunk and the limbs". [1] known form artwork and figurines, but they may have been purely decorative (i.e. for status). [2] [3]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 31) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.

[2]: Hassig, Ross. (1992) War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica. Berkeley: University of California Press, pg.31.

[3]: Piña Chán, Román. (1971). "Preclassic or Formative Pottery and Minor Arts of the Valley of Mexico." In The Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 10, ed. G. F. Ekholm and I. Bernal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 157-178.


9 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 800 BCE 401 BCE
"Little is known about warfare in Mesoamerica before the Middle Formative [...] warfare was relatively unorganized, conducted by small groups armed with unspecialized tool-weapons". [1] known form artwork, but they may have been purely decorative (i.e. for status) and related to shamanistic rituals or the Mesoamerican ball game. [2] [3]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.

[2]: Niederberger, Christine. (1996). "The Basin of Mexico: Multimillenial Development toward Cultural Complexity." In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Emily P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, pp. 83-93.

[3]: Niederberger, Christine. (2000) "Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico Toward 1200 BC." In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by John E. Clark and Mary E. Pye. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 169-192.


10 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 100 BCE 99 CE
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11 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico present Inferred 1200 CE 1426 CE
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12 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms present Inferred 205 BCE 101 BCE
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13 Delhi Sultanate present Inferred 1206 CE 1526 CE
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14 Gahadavala Dynasty present Inferred 1085 CE 1193 CE
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15 Kalingga Kingdom present Inferred 500 CE 732 CE
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16 Gupta Empire present Inferred 320 CE 550 CE
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17 Rattanakosin present Inferred 1782 CE 1873 CE
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18 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty present Inferred 730 CE 1030 CE
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19 Hoysala Kingdom present Inferred 1108 CE 1346 CE
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20 Kampili Kingdom present Inferred 1280 CE 1327 CE
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21 Magadha present Inferred 450 CE 605 CE
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22 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic absent Inferred 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
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23 Kingdom of Lydia present Inferred 670 BCE 546 BCE
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24 Rashtrakuta Empire present Inferred 753 CE 973 CE
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25 Mataram Sultanate present Inferred 1568 CE 1755 CE
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26 Koktepe II present Inferred 750 BCE 550 BCE
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27 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms present Inferred 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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28 Magadha - Sunga Empire present Inferred 187 BCE 65 BCE
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29 Susiana B absent Inferred 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
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30 Early Illinois Confederation absent Inferred 1640 CE 1717 CE
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31 Yangshao absent Inferred 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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32 Tairona absent Inferred 1050 CE 1524 CE
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33 Oneota absent Inferred 1400 CE 1650 CE
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34 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Inferred 9000 BCE 5501 BCE
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35 Khanate of Bukhara present Inferred 1599 CE 1747 CE
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36 Samanid Empire present Inferred 819 CE 999 CE
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37 Sogdiana - City-States Period present Inferred 604 CE 711 CE
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38 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 2000 BCE 1201 BCE
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39 Himyar II present Inferred 378 CE 525 CE
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40 Yemen - Late Bronze Age absent Inferred 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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41 Neolithic Yemen absent Inferred 3500 BCE 1201 BCE
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42 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred 1038 CE 1174 CE
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43 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred 822 CE 1037 CE
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44 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period present Inferred 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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45 Indo-Greek Kingdom present Inferred 180 BCE 10 BCE
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46 Atlantic Complex absent Inferred 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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47 Icelandic Commonwealth present Inferred 930 CE 1262 CE
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48 Egypt - Kushite Period present Inferred 747 BCE 656 BCE
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49 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Inferred 1454 CE 1517 CE
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50 Egypt - Saite Period present Inferred 664 BCE 525 BCE
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51 Hallstatt D present Inferred 600 BCE 475 BCE
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52 Java - Buni Culture present Inferred 150 CE 500 CE
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53 Chalukyas of Kalyani present Inferred 973 CE 1189 CE
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54 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred 1229 CE 1453 CE
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55 Kadamba Empire present Inferred 345 CE 550 CE
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56 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period present Inferred 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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57 Susa III absent Inferred 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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58 Latium - Bronze Age present Inferred 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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59 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Inferred 1775 CE 1886 CE
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60 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Inferred 1886 CE 1948 CE
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61 Beaker Culture absent Inferred 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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62 Early Roman Republic present Inferred 509 BCE 264 BCE
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63 Ghur Principality present Inferred 1025 CE 1215 CE
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64 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period present Inferred 404 BCE 342 BCE
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65 Toltecs present Inferred 900 CE 1199 CE
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66 Hallstatt A-B1 present Inferred 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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67 Hallstatt B2-3 present Inferred 900 BCE 700 BCE
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68 Bazi Dynasty present Inferred 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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69 Dynasty of E present Inferred 979 BCE 732 BCE
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70 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty present Inferred 1493 CE 1591 CE
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71 Ubaid absent Inferred 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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72 Ashanti Empire present Inferred 1701 CE 1895 CE
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73 Kara-Khanids present Inferred 950 CE 1212 CE
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74 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred 582 CE 630 CE
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75 Eastern Turk Khaganate present Inferred 583 CE 630 CE
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76 Second Dynasty of Isin present Inferred 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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77 Isin-Larsa present Inferred 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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78 Funan I present Inferred 225 CE 540 CE
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79 Himyar I present Inferred 270 CE 340 CE
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80 Mali Empire present Inferred 1230 CE 1410 CE
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81 Late Mongols present Inferred 1368 CE 1690 CE
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82 Second Turk Khaganate present Inferred 682 CE 744 CE
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83 Xianbei Confederation present Inferred 100 CE 250 CE
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84 Erlitou absent Inferred 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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85 Kediri Kingdom present Inferred 1049 CE 1222 CE
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86 Majapahit Kingdom present Inferred 1292 CE 1518 CE
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87 Medang Kingdom present Inferred 732 CE 1019 CE
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88 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Inferred 626 BCE 539 BCE
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89 Kingdom of Ayodhya present Inferred 64 BCE 34 CE
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90 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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91 Oaxaca - Rosario unknown Suspected 700 BCE 500 BCE
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92 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected 745 CE 840 CE
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93 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1250 CE
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94 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II unknown Suspected 1250 CE 1400 CE
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95 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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96 Segou Kingdom unknown Suspected 1650 CE 1712 CE
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97 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected 500 BCE 200 CE
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98 Early Monte Alban I unknown Suspected 500 BCE 300 BCE
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99 Monte Alban Late I unknown Suspected 300 BCE 100 BCE
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100 Hawaii I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1200 CE
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101 Cahokia - Middle Woodland unknown Suspected 150 BCE 300 CE
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102 Monte Alban II unknown Suspected 100 BCE 200 CE
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103 Monte Alban III unknown Suspected 200 CE 500 CE
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104 Chalcolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 601 BCE
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105 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 3001 BCE
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106 Sarazm unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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107 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty unknown Suspected 650 CE 780 CE
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108 Hawaii II unknown Suspected 1200 CE 1580 CE
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109 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1637 CE 1805 CE
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110 Cahokia - Late Woodland III unknown Suspected 600 CE 750 CE
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111 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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112 Ancient Khwarazm unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 521 BCE
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113 Monte Alban IIIB and IV unknown Suspected 500 CE 900 CE
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114 Java - Buni Culture unknown Suspected 400 BCE 149 CE
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115 Bamana kingdom unknown Suspected 1712 CE 1861 CE
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116 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 501 BCE
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117 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected 2700 BCE 1200 BCE
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118 Mahajanapada era unknown Suspected 600 BCE 324 BCE
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119 Oaxaca - San Jose unknown Suspected 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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120 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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121 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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122 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 501 BCE
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123 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected 1895 CE 1941 CE
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124 Magadha - Maurya Empire unknown Suspected 324 BCE 187 BCE
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125 Neguanje unknown Suspected 250 CE 1050 CE
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126 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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127 Khitan I unknown Suspected 907 CE 1125 CE
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128 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected 300 CE 555 CE
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129 Shiwei unknown Suspected 600 CE 1000 CE
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130 Proto-French Kingdom present Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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131 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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132 Carolingian Empire II present Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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133 Hallstatt C present Confident 700 BCE 600 BCE
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134 Early Merovingian present Confident 481 CE 543 CE
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135 Proto-Carolingian present Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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136 Middle Merovingian present Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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137 La Tene A-B1 present Confident 475 BCE 325 BCE
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138 La Tene C2-D present Confident 175 BCE 27 BCE
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139 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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140 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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141 Akan - Pre-Ashanti present Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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142 The Emirate of Crete present Confident 824 CE 961 CE
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143 Final Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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144 Monopalatial Crete present Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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145 Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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146 Hawaii III absent Confident 1580 CE 1778 CE
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147 Iban - Pre-Brooke present Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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148 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial present Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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149 Elam - Kidinuid Period present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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150 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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151 Yehuda present Confident 141 BCE 63 BCE
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152 Chalukyas of Badami present Confident 543 CE 753 CE
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153 Elam - Igihalkid Period present Confident 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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154 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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155 Satavahana Empire present Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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156 Elam I present Confident 900 BCE 744 BCE
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157 Vakataka Kingdom present Confident 255 CE 550 CE
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158 Vijayanagara Empire present Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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159 Abbasid Caliphate II present Confident 1191 CE 1258 CE
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160 Akkadian Empire present Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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161 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Confident 911 BCE 612 BCE
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162 Achaemenid Empire present Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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163 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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164 Buyid Confederation present Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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165 Elymais II present Confident 25 CE 215 CE
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166 Formative Period absent Confident 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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167 Ilkhanate present Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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168 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Confident 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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169 Elam II present Confident 743 BCE 647 BCE
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170 Parthian Empire I present Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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171 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident 3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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172 Ostrogothic Kingdom present Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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173 Parthian Empire II present Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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174 Qajar present Confident 1794 CE 1925 CE
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175 Safavid Empire present Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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176 Sasanid Empire I present Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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177 Sasanid Empire II present Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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178 Seljuk Sultanate present Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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179 East Roman Empire present Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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180 Elam - Shimashki Period present Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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181 Elam - Early Sukkalmah present Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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182 Elam - Late Sukkalmah present Confident 1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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183 Susa II absent Confident 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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184 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident 904 CE 1198 CE
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185 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Confident 1198 CE 1309 CE
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186 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident 1378 CE 1527 CE
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187 Middle Roman Republic present Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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188 Roman Kingdom present Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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189 Nara Kingdom present Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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190 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Confident 500 CE 649 CE
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191 Inca Empire present Confident 1375 CE 1532 CE
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192 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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193 Republic of Venice III present Confident 1204 CE 1563 CE
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194 Republic of Venice IV present Confident 1564 CE 1797 CE
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195 Asuka present Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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196 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama present Confident 1568 CE 1603 CE
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197 Heian present Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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198 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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199 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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200 Kamakura Shogunate present Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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201 Kansai - Kofun Period absent Confident 250 CE 400 CE
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202 Kansai - Kofun Period present Confident 401 CE 538 CE
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203 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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204 Tokugawa Shogunate present Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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205 Kansai - Yayoi Period absent Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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206 Classical Angkor present Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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207 Early Angkor present Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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208 Late Angkor present Confident 1220 CE 1432 CE
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209 Khmer Kingdom present Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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210 Chenla present Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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211 Funan II present Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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212 Bronze Age Cambodia present Confident 500 BCE 224 CE
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213 Andronovo present Confident 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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214 Phoenician Empire present Confident 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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215 Early Xiongnu present Confident 500 BCE 300 BCE
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216 Later Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
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217 Later Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
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218 Middle Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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219 Middle Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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220 Monte Alban V absent Confident 900 CE 1520 CE
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221 Classic Basin of Mexico present Confident 100 CE 649 CE
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222 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident 650 CE 899 CE
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223 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident 1800 BCE 1300 BCE
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224 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Confident 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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225 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Confident 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
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226 Sakha - Early present Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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227 Sakha - Late present Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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228 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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229 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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230 Byzantine Empire I present Confident 632 CE 866 CE
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231 Byzantine Empire II present Confident 867 CE 1072 CE
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232 Late Cappadocia present Confident 330 BCE 16 CE
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233 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Confident 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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234 Hatti - Old Kingdom present Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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235 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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236 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Confident 9600 BCE 7000 BCE
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237 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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238 Ottoman Empire II present Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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239 Phrygian Kingdom present Confident 900 BCE 695 BCE
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240 Rum Sultanate present Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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241 Tabal Kingdoms present Confident 900 BCE 730 BCE
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242 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early present Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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243 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late present Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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244 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident 1275 CE 1400 CE
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245 Chagatai Khanate present Confident 1263 CE 1402 CE
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246 Timurid Empire present Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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247 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon present Confident 1660 CE 1815 CE
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248 Kidarite Kingdom present Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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249 Yisrael present Confident 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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250 Jin Dynasty present Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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251 Great Yuan present Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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252 Geometric Crete present Confident 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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253 Neolithic Crete absent Confident 7000 BCE 3000 BCE
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254 New Palace Crete present Confident 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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255 Eastern Han Empire present Confident 25 CE 220 CE
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256 Canaan present Confident 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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257 Erligang present Confident 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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258 Jin present Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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259 Northern Song present Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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260 Early Qing present Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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261 Late Qing present Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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262 Tang Dynasty I present Confident 617 CE 763 CE
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263 Western Han Empire present Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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264 Western Zhou present Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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265 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident 1171 CE 1250 CE
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266 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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267 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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268 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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269 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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270 Carolingian Empire I present Confident 752 CE 840 CE
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271 La Tene B2-C1 present Confident 325 BCE 175 BCE
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272 Archaic Crete present Confident 710 BCE 500 BCE
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273 Classical Crete present Confident 500 BCE 323 BCE
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274 Hellenistic Crete present Confident 323 BCE 69 BCE
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275 Early A'chik absent Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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276 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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277 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident 1527 CE 1648 CE
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278 Exarchate of Ravenna present Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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279 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity present Confident 395 CE 476 CE
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280 Republic of St Peter I present Confident 711 CE 904 CE
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281 Ashikaga Shogunate present Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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282 Mughal Empire present Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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283 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident 750 CE 946 CE
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284 Amorite Babylonia present Confident 2000 BCE 1600 BCE
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285 Early Dynastic present Confident 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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286 Ak Koyunlu present Confident 1339 CE 1501 CE
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287 Elam - Crisis Period present Confident 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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288 Susiana A absent Confident 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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289 Elam - Shutrukid Period present Confident 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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290 Elam III present Confident 612 BCE 539 BCE
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291 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident 7800 BCE 7200 BCE
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292 Seleucids present Confident 312 BCE 63 BCE
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293 Susa I absent Confident 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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294 Latium - Iron Age present Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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295 Papal States - Early Modern Period II present Confident 1648 CE 1809 CE
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296 Late Roman Republic present Confident 133 BCE 31 BCE
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297 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident 31 BCE 284 CE
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298 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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299 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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300 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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301 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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302 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident 250 BCE 49 CE
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303 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident 50 CE 399 CE
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304 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident 400 CE 899 CE
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305 Jenne-jeno IV present Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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306 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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307 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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308 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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309 Warring States Japan present Confident 1467 CE 1568 CE
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310 Saadi Sultanate present Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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311 Mongol Empire present Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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312 Early Mongols present Confident 1000 CE 1206 CE
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313 Late Xiongnu present Confident 60 BCE 100 CE
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314 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation present Confident 209 BCE 60 BCE
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315 Zungharian Empire present Confident 1670 CE 1757 CE
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316 Kingdom of Norway II present Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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317 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I unknown Confident 200 CE 499 CE
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318 Wari Empire present Confident 650 CE 999 CE
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319 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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320 Sind - Samma Dynasty present Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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321 Ayutthaya present Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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322 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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323 Byzantine Empire III present Confident 1073 CE 1204 CE
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324 Qatabanian Commonwealth unknown Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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325 Sabaean Commonwealth unknown Confident 800 BCE 451 BCE
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326 Ottoman Empire III present Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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327 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident 600 BCE 150 BCE
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328 Koktepe I present Confident 1400 BCE 1000 BCE
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329 Durrani Empire present Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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330 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom present Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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331 Kushan Empire present Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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332 Tocharians present Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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333 Western Jin present Confident 265 CE 317 CE
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334 Hatti - New Kingdom present Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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335 Lysimachus Kingdom present Confident 323 BCE 281 BCE
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336 Ottoman Emirate present Confident 1299 CE 1402 CE
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337 Ottoman Empire I present Confident 1402 CE 1517 CE
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338 Roman Empire - Dominate present Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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339 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident 1055 CE 1199 CE
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340 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident 1200 CE 1275 CE
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341 Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy present Confident 1300 CE 1565 CE
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342 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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343 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident 900 CE 1049 CE
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344 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident 450 CE 600 CE
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345 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident 300 CE 450 CE
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346 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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347 Hmong - Late Qing present Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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348 Great Ming present Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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349 Northern Wei present Confident 386 CE 534 CE
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350 Peiligang absent Confident 7000 BCE 5001 BCE
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351 Late Shang present Confident 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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352 Sui Dynasty present Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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353 Tang Dynasty II present Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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354 Early Wei Dynasty present Confident 445 BCE 225 BCE
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355 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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356 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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357 Badarian absent Confident 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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358 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period present Confident 1550 BCE 1293 BCE
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359 Ur - Dynasty III present Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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360 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Confident 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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361 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Confident 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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362 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident 1412 CE 1517 CE
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363 Egypt - Middle Kingdom absent Confident 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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364 Naqada I absent Confident 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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365 Aztec Empire present Confident 1427 CE 1526 CE
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366 Naqada II absent Confident 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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367 Egypt - Dynasty 0 absent Confident 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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368 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period present Confident 1293 BCE 1070 BCE
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369 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Confident 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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370 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Confident 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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371 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Confident 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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372 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Confident 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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373 Spanish Empire I present Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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374 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon present Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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375 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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