Section: Armor
Variable: Helmet (All coded records)
The absence or presence of helmets as a military technology used in warfare.  
Helmet
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Confident 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
Not until the 18th Dynasty c1500 BCE. [1] "The soldiers of the Old and Middle Kingdom wore no armour. In the Old Kingdom they are usually depicted wearing only a belt and a small triangular loincloth, and by the Middle Kingdom their costume was invariably the same short linen kilt as that worn by civilian workmen. [...] From the late Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian soldiers’ only bodily protection (apart from the occasional use of a band of webbing across the shoulders and chest) was supplied by long, roughly rectangular shields made of cowhide stretched over a wooden frame." [2]

[1]: (Hoffmeier 2001) J K Hoffmeier in D B Redford. ed. 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Shaw 1991: 32) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


2 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Confident 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
Not until the 18th Dynasty c1500 BCE. [1] "The soldiers of the Old and Middle Kingdom wore no armour. In the Old Kingdom they are usually depicted wearing only a belt and a small triangular loincloth, and by the Middle Kingdom their costume was invariably the same short linen kilt as that worn by civilian workmen. [...] From the late Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian soldiers’ only bodily protection (apart from the occasional use of a band of webbing across the shoulders and chest) was supplied by long, roughly rectangular shields made of cowhide stretched over a wooden frame." [2]

[1]: (Hoffmeier 2001) J K Hoffmeier in D B Redford. ed. 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Shaw 1991: 32) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


3 Susiana B absent Inferred 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
no mention of this technology in sources
4 Egypt - Middle Kingdom absent Confident 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
Not until the 18th Dynasty c1500 BCE. [1] "The soldiers of the Old and Middle Kingdom wore no armour. In the Old Kingdom they are usually depicted wearing only a belt and a small triangular loincloth, and by the Middle Kingdom their costume was invariably the same short linen kilt as that worn by civilian workmen. [...] From the late Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian soldiers’ only bodily protection (apart from the occasional use of a band of webbing across the shoulders and chest) was supplied by long, roughly rectangular shields made of cowhide stretched over a wooden frame." [2]

[1]: (Hoffmeier 2001) J K Hoffmeier in D B Redford. ed. 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Shaw 1991: 32) Shaw, Ian. 1991. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF.


5 Naqada I absent Confident 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
Not until the 18th Dynasty c1500 BCE. [1]

[1]: (Hoffmeier 2001) J K Hoffmeier in D B Redford. ed. 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


6 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic absent Inferred 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
Earliest reference for present we currently have is for the Hittites. [1] In Egypt helmets were probably first worn by charioteers in the 18th Dynasty c1500 BCE. [2] Earliest known helmet dates to 2500 BCE in Sumer. [3]

[1]: Bryce T. (2007) Hittite Warrior, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, pp. 15-16

[2]: (Hoffmeier 2001) J K Hoffmeier in D B Redford. ed. 2001. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Gabriel 2002, 22) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


7 Later Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
Knights: "The princes of Black Africa who could afford to outfitted themselves in complete or partial armor like that of the knights of the Western Middle Ages." [1] "coat of mail and iron breastplate, helmet, boots, javelin ... all of it." [2] However, due to climate complete knightly armour not as common as in Europe and in fact Songhai Askia Bano died of suffocation. [2]

[1]: (Diop 1987, 116) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.

[2]: (Diop 1987, 117) Diop, Cheikh Anta. Salemson, Harold trans. 1987. Precolonial Black Africa. Lawrence Hill Books. Chicago.


8 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 2000 BCE 1201 BCE
"Little is known about warfare in Mesoamerica before the Middle Formative [...] warfare was relatively unorganized, conducted by small groups armed with unspecialized tool-weapons". [1]

[1]: (Hassig 1992: 12-13) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/E9VHCKDG.


9 Naqada II absent Confident 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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10 Egypt - Dynasty 0 absent Confident 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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11 Neolithic Crete absent Confident 7000 BCE 3000 BCE
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12 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Confident 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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13 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Confident 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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14 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Confident 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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15 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Confident 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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16 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident 7800 BCE 7200 BCE
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17 Kansai - Yayoi Period absent Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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18 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Inferred 1775 CE 1886 CE
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19 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Inferred 1886 CE 1948 CE
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20 Beaker Culture absent Inferred 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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21 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Confident 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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22 Susa I absent Confident 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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23 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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24 Early A'chik absent Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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25 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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26 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Confident 9600 BCE 7000 BCE
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27 Oneota absent Inferred 1400 CE 1650 CE
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28 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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29 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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30 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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31 Kansai - Kofun Period absent Confident 250 CE 400 CE
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32 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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33 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident 600 BCE 150 BCE
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34 Ubaid absent Inferred 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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35 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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36 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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37 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Confident 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
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38 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident 250 BCE 49 CE
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39 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident 50 CE 399 CE
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40 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident 400 CE 899 CE
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41 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident 1275 CE 1400 CE
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42 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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43 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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44 Hawaii III absent Confident 1580 CE 1778 CE
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45 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Confident 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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46 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident 1800 BCE 1300 BCE
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47 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 100 BCE 99 CE
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48 Susa III absent Inferred 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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49 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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50 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 800 BCE 401 BCE
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51 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 400 BCE 101 BCE
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52 Early Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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53 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident 1055 CE 1199 CE
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54 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident 1200 CE 1275 CE
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55 Archaic Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 6000 BCE 2001 BCE
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56 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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57 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident 900 CE 1049 CE
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58 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident 450 CE 600 CE
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59 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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60 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident 300 CE 450 CE
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61 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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62 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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63 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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64 Erlitou absent Inferred 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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65 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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66 Longshan absent Inferred 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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67 Susa II absent Confident 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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68 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident 3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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69 Monte Alban V absent Confident 900 CE 1520 CE
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70 Neolithic Yemen absent Inferred 3500 BCE 1201 BCE
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71 Peiligang absent Confident 7000 BCE 5001 BCE
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72 Atlantic Complex absent Inferred 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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73 Early Illinois Confederation absent Inferred 1640 CE 1717 CE
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74 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Confident 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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75 Middle Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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76 Yemen - Late Bronze Age absent Inferred 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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77 Yangshao absent Inferred 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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78 Tairona absent Inferred 1050 CE 1524 CE
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79 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Inferred 9000 BCE 5501 BCE
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80 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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81 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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82 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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83 Badarian absent Confident 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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84 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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85 Formative Period absent Confident 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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86 Susiana A absent Confident 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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87 Kushan Empire present Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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88 Tocharians present Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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89 Western Jin present Confident 265 CE 317 CE
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90 Hatti - New Kingdom present Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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91 Lysimachus Kingdom present Confident 323 BCE 281 BCE
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92 Ottoman Emirate present Confident 1299 CE 1402 CE
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93 Ottoman Empire I present Confident 1402 CE 1517 CE
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94 Roman Empire - Dominate present Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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95 Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy present Confident 1300 CE 1565 CE
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96 Himyar I present Inferred 270 CE 340 CE
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97 Hmong - Late Qing present Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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98 Great Ming present Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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99 Northern Wei present Confident 386 CE 534 CE
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100 Late Shang present Confident 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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101 Sui Dynasty present Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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102 Tang Dynasty II present Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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103 Early Wei Dynasty present Confident 445 BCE 225 BCE
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104 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period present Confident 1550 BCE 1293 BCE
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105 Ur - Dynasty III present Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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106 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident 1412 CE 1517 CE
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107 Egypt - Saite Period present Inferred 664 BCE 525 BCE
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108 Aztec Empire present Confident 1427 CE 1526 CE
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109 Java - Buni Culture present Inferred 150 CE 500 CE
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110 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period present Confident 1293 BCE 1070 BCE
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111 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period present Inferred 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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112 Spanish Empire I present Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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113 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon present Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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114 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon present Confident 1660 CE 1815 CE
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115 Proto-French Kingdom present Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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116 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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117 Carolingian Empire II present Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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118 Hallstatt A-B1 present Inferred 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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119 Hallstatt B2-3 present Inferred 900 BCE 700 BCE
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120 Hallstatt C present Confident 700 BCE 600 BCE
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121 Early Merovingian present Confident 481 CE 543 CE
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122 Proto-Carolingian present Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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123 Middle Merovingian present Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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124 La Tene A-B1 present Confident 475 BCE 325 BCE
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125 La Tene C2-D present Confident 175 BCE 27 BCE
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126 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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127 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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128 Akan - Pre-Ashanti present Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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129 Ashanti Empire present Inferred 1701 CE 1895 CE
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130 The Emirate of Crete present Confident 824 CE 961 CE
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131 Final Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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132 Monopalatial Crete present Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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133 Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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134 Iban - Pre-Brooke present Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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135 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial present Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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136 Elam - Kidinuid Period present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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137 Kediri Kingdom present Inferred 1049 CE 1222 CE
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138 Majapahit Kingdom present Inferred 1292 CE 1518 CE
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139 Medang Kingdom present Inferred 732 CE 1019 CE
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140 Yehuda present Confident 141 BCE 63 BCE
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141 Kingdom of Ayodhya present Inferred 64 BCE 34 CE
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142 Chalukyas of Badami present Confident 543 CE 753 CE
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143 Deccan - Iron Age present Inferred 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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144 Elam - Igihalkid Period present Confident 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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145 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms present Inferred 205 BCE 101 BCE
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146 Delhi Sultanate present Inferred 1206 CE 1526 CE
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147 Gahadavala Dynasty present Inferred 1085 CE 1193 CE
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148 Gupta Empire present Inferred 320 CE 550 CE
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149 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty present Inferred 730 CE 1030 CE
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150 Hoysala Kingdom present Inferred 1108 CE 1346 CE
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151 Kampili Kingdom present Inferred 1280 CE 1327 CE
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152 Magadha present Inferred 450 CE 605 CE
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153 Rashtrakuta Empire present Inferred 753 CE 973 CE
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154 Satavahana Empire present Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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155 Elam I present Confident 900 BCE 744 BCE
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156 Magadha - Sunga Empire present Inferred 187 BCE 65 BCE
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157 Vakataka Kingdom present Confident 255 CE 550 CE
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158 Vijayanagara Empire present Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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159 Abbasid Caliphate II present Confident 1191 CE 1258 CE
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160 Akkadian Empire present Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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161 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Confident 911 BCE 612 BCE
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162 Achaemenid Empire present Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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163 Elam - Awan Dynasty I present Inferred 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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164 Buyid Confederation present Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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165 Elymais II present Confident 25 CE 215 CE
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166 Ilkhanate present Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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167 Republic of Venice IV present Confident 1564 CE 1797 CE
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168 Kidarite Kingdom present Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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169 Yisrael present Confident 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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170 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Inferred 1454 CE 1517 CE
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171 Jin Dynasty present Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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172 Great Yuan present Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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173 Geometric Crete present Confident 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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174 New Palace Crete present Confident 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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175 Eastern Han Empire present Confident 25 CE 220 CE
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176 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred 868 CE 969 CE
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177 Canaan present Confident 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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178 Erligang present Confident 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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179 Jin present Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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180 Northern Song present Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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181 Early Qing present Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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182 Late Qing present Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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183 Tang Dynasty I present Confident 617 CE 763 CE
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184 Western Han Empire present Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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185 Western Zhou present Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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186 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident 1171 CE 1250 CE
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187 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period present Inferred 404 BCE 342 BCE
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188 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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189 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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190 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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191 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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192 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period present Inferred 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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193 Carolingian Empire I present Confident 752 CE 840 CE
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194 Hallstatt D present Inferred 600 BCE 475 BCE
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195 La Tene B2-C1 present Confident 325 BCE 175 BCE
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196 Archaic Crete present Confident 710 BCE 500 BCE
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197 Classical Crete present Confident 500 BCE 323 BCE
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198 Hellenistic Crete present Confident 323 BCE 69 BCE
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199 Kalingga Kingdom present Inferred 500 CE 732 CE
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200 Mataram Sultanate present Inferred 1568 CE 1755 CE
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201 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident 1527 CE 1648 CE
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202 Exarchate of Ravenna present Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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203 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity present Confident 395 CE 476 CE
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204 Republic of St Peter I present Confident 711 CE 904 CE
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205 Ashikaga Shogunate present Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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206 Chalukyas of Kalyani present Inferred 973 CE 1189 CE
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207 Kadamba Empire present Inferred 345 CE 550 CE
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208 Mughal Empire present Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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209 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident 750 CE 946 CE
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210 Amorite Babylonia present Confident 2000 BCE 1600 BCE
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211 Bazi Dynasty present Inferred 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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212 Dynasty of E present Inferred 979 BCE 732 BCE
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213 Early Dynastic present Confident 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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214 Second Dynasty of Isin present Inferred 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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215 Isin-Larsa present Inferred 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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216 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Inferred 626 BCE 539 BCE
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217 Ak Koyunlu present Confident 1339 CE 1501 CE
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218 Elam - Crisis Period present Confident 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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219 Elam - Shutrukid Period present Confident 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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220 Elam III present Confident 612 BCE 539 BCE
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221 Seleucids present Confident 312 BCE 63 BCE
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222 Icelandic Commonwealth present Inferred 930 CE 1262 CE
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223 Latium - Iron Age present Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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224 Papal States - Early Modern Period II present Confident 1648 CE 1809 CE
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225 Late Roman Republic present Confident 133 BCE 31 BCE
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226 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident 31 BCE 284 CE
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227 Jenne-jeno IV present Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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228 Warring States Japan present Confident 1467 CE 1568 CE
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229 Funan I present Inferred 225 CE 540 CE
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230 Saadi Sultanate present Confident 1554 CE 1659 CE
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231 Mongol Empire present Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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232 Early Mongols present Confident 1000 CE 1206 CE
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233 Late Xiongnu present Confident 60 BCE 100 CE
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234 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation present Confident 209 BCE 60 BCE
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235 Zungharian Empire present Confident 1670 CE 1757 CE
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236 Toltecs present Inferred 900 CE 1199 CE
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237 Kingdom of Norway II present Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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238 Wari Empire present Confident 650 CE 999 CE
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239 Indo-Greek Kingdom present Inferred 180 BCE 10 BCE
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240 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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241 Sind - Samma Dynasty present Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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242 Egypt - Kushite Period present Inferred 747 BCE 656 BCE
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243 Ayutthaya present Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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244 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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245 Byzantine Empire III present Confident 1073 CE 1204 CE
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246 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred 1229 CE 1453 CE
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247 Ottoman Empire III present Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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248 Koktepe I present Confident 1400 BCE 1000 BCE
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249 Durrani Empire present Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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250 Ghur Principality present Inferred 1025 CE 1215 CE
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251 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom present Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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252 Hephthalites present Inferred 408 CE 561 CE
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253 Early Angkor present Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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254 Late Angkor present Confident 1220 CE 1432 CE
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255 Khmer Kingdom present Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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256 Chenla present Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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257 Funan II present Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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258 Bronze Age Cambodia present Confident 500 BCE 224 CE
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259 Andronovo present Confident 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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260 Phoenician Empire present Confident 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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261 Mali Empire present Inferred 1230 CE 1410 CE
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262 Late Mongols present Inferred 1368 CE 1690 CE
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263 Second Turk Khaganate present Inferred 682 CE 744 CE
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264 Xianbei Confederation present Inferred 100 CE 250 CE
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265 Early Xiongnu present Confident 500 BCE 300 BCE
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266 Later Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
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267 Middle Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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268 Classic Basin of Mexico present Confident 100 CE 649 CE
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269 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident 650 CE 899 CE
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270 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico present Inferred 1200 CE 1426 CE
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271 Sakha - Early present Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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272 Sakha - Late present Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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273 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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274 Rattanakosin present Inferred 1782 CE 1873 CE
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275 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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276 Byzantine Empire I present Confident 632 CE 866 CE
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277 Byzantine Empire II present Confident 867 CE 1072 CE
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278 Late Cappadocia present Confident 330 BCE 16 CE
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279 Hatti - Old Kingdom present Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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280 Kingdom of Lydia present Inferred 670 BCE 546 BCE
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281 Koktepe II present Inferred 750 BCE 550 BCE
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282 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms present Inferred 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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283 Ottoman Empire II present Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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284 Phrygian Kingdom present Confident 900 BCE 695 BCE
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285 Rum Sultanate present Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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286 Tabal Kingdoms present Confident 900 BCE 730 BCE
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287 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early present Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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288 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late present Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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289 Chagatai Khanate present Confident 1263 CE 1402 CE
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290 Khanate of Bukhara present Inferred 1599 CE 1747 CE
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291 Samanid Empire present Inferred 819 CE 999 CE
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292 Sogdiana - City-States Period present Inferred 604 CE 711 CE
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293 Timurid Empire present Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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294 Himyar II present Inferred 378 CE 525 CE
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295 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred 1038 CE 1174 CE
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296 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred 822 CE 1037 CE
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297 Elam II present Confident 743 BCE 647 BCE
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298 Parthian Empire I present Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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299 Ostrogothic Kingdom present Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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300 Parthian Empire II present Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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301 Qajar present Confident 1794 CE 1925 CE
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302 Safavid Empire present Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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303 Sasanid Empire I present Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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304 Sasanid Empire II present Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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305 Seljuk Sultanate present Confident 1037 CE 1157 CE
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306 East Roman Empire present Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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307 Elam - Shimashki Period present Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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308 Elam - Early Sukkalmah present Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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309 Elam - Late Sukkalmah present Confident 1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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310 Latium - Bronze Age present Inferred 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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311 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident 904 CE 1198 CE
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312 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Confident 1198 CE 1309 CE
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313 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident 1378 CE 1527 CE
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314 Early Roman Republic present Inferred 509 BCE 264 BCE
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315 Middle Roman Republic present Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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316 Roman Kingdom present Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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317 Nara Kingdom present Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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318 Inca Empire present Confident 1375 CE 1532 CE
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319 Republic of Venice III present Confident 1204 CE 1563 CE
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320 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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321 Asuka present Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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322 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama present Confident 1568 CE 1603 CE
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323 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty present Inferred 1493 CE 1591 CE
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324 Heian present Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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325 Kamakura Shogunate present Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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326 Kansai - Kofun Period present Confident 401 CE 538 CE
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327 Tokugawa Shogunate present Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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328 Kara-Khanids present Inferred 950 CE 1212 CE
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329 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred 582 CE 630 CE
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330 Classical Angkor present Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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331 Eastern Turk Khaganate present Inferred 583 CE 630 CE
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332 Oaxaca - San Jose unknown Suspected 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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333 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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334 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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335 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected 745 CE 840 CE
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336 Magadha - Maurya Empire unknown Suspected 324 BCE 187 BCE
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337 Shiwei unknown Suspected 600 CE 1000 CE
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338 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected 1895 CE 1941 CE
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339 Oaxaca - Rosario unknown Suspected 700 BCE 500 BCE
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340 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected 300 CE 555 CE
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341 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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342 Khitan I unknown Suspected 907 CE 1125 CE
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343 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 501 BCE
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344 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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345 Chalcolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 601 BCE
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346 Bamana kingdom unknown Suspected 1712 CE 1861 CE
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347 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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348 Mahajanapada era unknown Suspected 600 BCE 324 BCE
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349 Java - Buni Culture unknown Suspected 400 BCE 149 CE
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350 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected 2700 BCE 1200 BCE
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351 Hawaii I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1200 CE
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352 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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353 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 501 BCE
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354 Neguanje unknown Suspected 250 CE 1050 CE
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355 Ancient Khwarazm unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 521 BCE
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356 Monte Alban IIIB and IV unknown Suspected 500 CE 900 CE
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357 Cahokia - Middle Woodland unknown Suspected 150 BCE 300 CE
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358 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Confident 500 CE 649 CE
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359 Segou Kingdom unknown Suspected 1650 CE 1712 CE
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360 Hawaii II unknown Suspected 1200 CE 1580 CE
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361 Early Monte Alban I unknown Suspected 500 BCE 300 BCE
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362 Monte Alban Late I unknown Suspected 300 BCE 100 BCE
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363 Monte Alban II unknown Suspected 100 BCE 200 CE
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364 Monte Alban III unknown Suspected 200 CE 500 CE
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365 Sarazm unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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366 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected 500 BCE 200 CE
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367 Cahokia - Late Woodland III unknown Suspected 600 CE 750 CE
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368 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1637 CE 1805 CE
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369 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty unknown Suspected 650 CE 780 CE
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370 Sabaean Commonwealth unknown Confident 800 BCE 451 BCE
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371 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 3001 BCE
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372 Qatabanian Commonwealth unknown Confident 450 BCE 111 BCE
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373 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II unknown Suspected 1250 CE 1400 CE
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374 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I unknown Confident 200 CE 499 CE
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375 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1250 CE
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