Section: Transport infrastructure
Variable: Canal (All coded records)
  { JSON }   .CSV
Talking about Transport infrastructure, canals refers to canals built and/or maintained by the polity (that is, code 'present' even if the polity did not build a canal, but devotes resources to maintaining it).  

368 Canal Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s) Edit
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I Absent 1614 CE 1706 CE
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Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I Present 1706 CE 1775 CE
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Spanish Empire II Present 1716 CE 1814 CE
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Soviet Union Present 1923 CE 1991 CE
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Heian Present Inferred 794 CE  1185 CE
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Beaker Culture Unknown Suspected 3200 BCE  2000 BCE
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Naqada I Absent Inferred 3800 BCE  3550 BCE
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Ottoman Empire III Present 1683 CE  1839 CE
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Early Roman Republic Absent 509 BCE  264 BCE
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East Roman Empire Present 395 CE  631 CE
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Yemen - Ottoman period Absent 1873 CE  1920 CE
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La Tene C2-D Unknown Suspected 175 BCE  27 BCE
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Byzantine Empire I Present Inferred 632 CE  866 CE
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Hawaii II Absent Inferred 1200 CE  1580 CE
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Kansai - Yayoi Period Absent Inferred 300 BCE  250 CE
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Khmer Kingdom Present 1432 CE  1594 CE
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Ayutthaya Present 1593 CE  1767 CE
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Classical Angkor Present 1100 CE  1220 CE
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Wari Empire Uncoded Undecided 650 CE  999 CE
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Inca Empire Present 1375 CE  1532 CE
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Satavahana Empire Uncoded Undecided 100 BCE  200 CE
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Old Palace Crete Absent 1900 BCE  1700 BCE
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Asuka Present 538 CE  710 CE
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Early Qing Present 1644 CE  1796 CE
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Canaan Absent 2000 BCE  1175 BCE
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Yisrael Absent 1030 BCE  722 BCE
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Chu Kingdom - Warring States Period Present Inferred 488 BCE  223 BCE
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Ak Koyunlu Present Inferred 1339 CE  1501 CE
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Early A'chik Absent 1775 CE  1867 CE
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Late A'chik Absent 1867 CE  1956 CE
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Icelandic Commonwealth Absent 930 CE  1262 CE
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Oneota Absent 1400 CE  1650 CE
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Funan I Present 225 CE  540 CE
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Akan - Pre-Ashanti Absent 1501 CE  1701 CE
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Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period Present Inferred 740 BCE  489 BCE
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Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period Present 1550 BCE  1293 BCE
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Axum III Unknown Suspected 600 CE  800 CE
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Roman Kingdom Absent 716 BCE  509 BCE
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Early Merovingian Present 481 CE  543 CE
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Songhai Empire Present 1376 CE  1493 CE
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Neo-Hittite Kingdoms Unknown Suspected 1180 BCE  900 BCE
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Rashtrakuta Empire Unknown Suspected 753 CE  973 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period Unknown Suspected 1778 CE  1819 CE
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Safavid Empire Present 1501 CE  1722 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I Present 1527 CE  1648 CE
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Ottoman Empire IV Present 1839 CE  1922 CE
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Qin Empire Present 338 BCE  207 BCE
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Latium - Iron Age Absent 1000 BCE  580 BCE
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Western Han Empire Present 202 BCE  9 CE
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Western Jin Present Inferred 265 CE  317 CE
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Konya Plain - Late Neolithic Absent 6600 BCE  6000 BCE
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Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic Absent Inferred 5500 BCE  3000 BCE
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Numidia Unknown Suspected 220 BCE  46 BCE
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Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period Present Inferred 1069 BCE  747 BCE
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Great Yuan Present 1271 CE  1368 CE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II Present 1348 CE  1412 CE
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Mauretania Unknown Suspected 125 BCE  44 CE
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Mataram Sultanate Present 1568 CE  1755 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II Present 1648 CE  1809 CE
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Mongol Empire Present 1206 CE  1270 CE
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Late Cappadocia Uncoded Undecided 330 BCE  16 CE
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Avar Khaganate Unknown Suspected 586 CE  822 CE
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Saadi Sultanate Unknown Suspected 1554 CE  1659 CE
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Kachi Plain - Urban Period II Unknown Suspected 2100 BCE  1800 BCE
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Zagwe Unknown Suspected 1137 CE  1269 CE
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Kingdom of Congo Unknown Suspected 1491 CE  1568 CE
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Third Scythian Kingdom Unknown Suspected 429 BCE  225 BCE
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Kangju Unknown Suspected 150 BCE  350 CE
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Yueban Unknown Suspected 350 CE  450 CE
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Xixia Present 1032 CE  1227 CE
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Ayyubid Sultanate Present Inferred 1171 CE  1250 CE
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Lombard Kingdom Absent Inferred 568 CE  774 CE
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Cahokia - Moorehead Absent 1200 CE  1275 CE
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Northern Song Present 960 CE  1127 CE
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Southern Song Present 1127 CE  1279 CE
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Monte Alban II Absent 100 BCE  200 CE
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Monte Alban IIIB and IV Absent Inferred 500 CE  900 CE
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Monte Alban V Early Postclassic Absent Inferred 900 CE  1099 CE
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Early Monte Alban I Absent 500 BCE  300 BCE
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Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period Present Inferred 404 BCE  342 BCE
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Koktepe II Uncoded Undecided 750 BCE  550 BCE
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Egypt - Dynasty II Present 2900 BCE  2687 BCE
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Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom Present 2650 BCE  2350 BCE
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Himyar II Unknown Suspected 378 CE  525 CE
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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Absent Inferred 256 BCE  125 BCE
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Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty Absent Inferred 1480 CE  1613 CE
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Proto-French Kingdom Unknown Suspected 987 CE  1150 CE
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Hallstatt C Unknown Suspected 700 BCE  600 BCE
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Proto-Carolingian Present 687 CE  751 CE
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Carolingian Empire I Unknown Suspected 752 CE  840 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Bourbon Present 1660 CE  1815 CE
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Hallstatt B2-3 Unknown Suspected 900 BCE  700 BCE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I Present 1260 CE  1348 CE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III Present Inferred 1412 CE  1517 CE
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Oaxaca - San Jose Absent 1150 BCE  700 BCE
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Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I Unknown Suspected 1454 CE  1648 CE
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Republic of Venice III Present 1204 CE  1563 CE
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Susa I Unknown Suspected 4300 BCE  3800 BCE
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Formative Period Unknown Suspected 7200 BCE  7000 BCE
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Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period Present 1293 BCE  1070 BCE
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Egypt - Period of the Regions Present Inferred 2150 BCE  2016 BCE
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Egypt - Kushite Period Present Inferred 747 BCE  656 BCE
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Egypt - Middle Kingdom Present 2016 BCE  1700 BCE
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Badarian Unknown Suspected 4400 BCE  3800 BCE
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Parthian Empire II Present 41 CE  226 CE
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Macedonian Empire Uncoded Undecided 330 BCE  312 BCE
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Later Wagadu Empire Absent Inferred 1078 CE  1203 CE
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Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama Present 1568 CE  1603 CE
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Kansai - Kofun Period Unknown Suspected 250 CE  537 CE
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Ilkhanate Present 1256 CE  1339 CE
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Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic Absent Inferred 6000 BCE  5500 BCE
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Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar Unknown Suspected 7000 BCE  6000 BCE
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Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia Uncoded Undecided 2000 BCE  1700 BCE
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Early Illinois Confederation Absent 1640 CE  1717 CE
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Tocharians Unknown Suspected 129 BCE  29 CE
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Monte Alban Late I Absent 300 BCE  100 BCE
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Tang Dynasty II Present 763 CE  907 CE
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Chenla Present 550 CE  825 CE
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Late Qing Present 1796 CE  1912 CE
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Timurid Empire Present Inferred 1370 CE  1526 CE
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Yangshao Unknown Suspected 5000 BCE  3000 BCE
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Western Zhou Present 1122 BCE  771 BCE
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Early Wei Dynasty Present Inferred 445 BCE  225 BCE
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Great Ming Present 1368 CE  1644 CE
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Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity Present 395 CE  476 CE
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Late Angkor Present Inferred 1220 CE  1432 CE
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Rattanakosin Present 1782 CE  1873 CE
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Jin Present Inferred 780 BCE  404 BCE
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Five Dynasties Period Present 906 CE  970 CE
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Cuzco - Late Intermediate I Present Inferred 1000 CE  1250 CE
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Koktepe I Unknown Suspected 1400 BCE  1000 BCE
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Achaemenid Empire Present 550 BCE  331 BCE
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Akkadian Empire Present 2270 BCE  2083 BCE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period Absent 1378 CE  1527 CE
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Papal States - High Medieval Period Absent 1198 CE  1309 CE
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Uruk Present 4000 BCE  2900 BCE
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Tang Dynasty I Present 617 CE  763 CE
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Byzantine Empire II Present 867 CE  1072 CE
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Umayyad Caliphate Present 661 CE  750 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Valois Unknown Suspected 1450 CE  1589 CE
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Egypt - Saite Period Present 664 BCE  525 BCE
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Middle Roman Republic Present 264 BCE  133 BCE
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Cahokia - Late Woodland III Absent 600 CE  750 CE
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Funan II Present 540 CE  640 CE
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New Palace Crete Absent 1700 BCE  1450 BCE
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Mali Empire Unknown Suspected 1230 CE  1410 CE
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Middle Merovingian Present 543 CE  687 CE
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Monte Alban V Late Postclassic Absent Inferred 1101 CE  1520 CE
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Kara-Khanids Unknown Suspected 950 CE  1212 CE
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Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age Uncoded Undecided 3000 BCE  2000 BCE
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Ashanti Empire Absent 1701 CE  1895 CE
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Monopalatial Crete Absent 1450 BCE  1300 BCE
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Fatimid Caliphate Present 909 CE  1171 CE
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Kingdom of Georgia II Unknown Suspected 975 CE  1243 CE
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Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty Unknown Suspected 1637 CE  1805 CE
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Himyar I Unknown Suspected 270 CE  340 CE
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French Kingdom - Early Valois Unknown Suspected 1328 CE  1450 CE
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Malacca Sultanate Unknown Suspected 1270 CE  1415 CE
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Kakatiya Dynasty Present 1175 CE  1324 CE
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Eastern Zhou Present Inferred 475 BCE  256 BCE
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Early Dynastic Present 2900 BCE  2500 BCE
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Neo-Assyrian Empire Present 911 BCE  612 BCE
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Ptolemaic Kingdom II Present 217 BCE  30 BCE
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Elam - Shimashki Period Uncoded Undecided 2028 BCE  1940 BCE
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Atlantic Complex Unknown Suspected 2200 BCE  1000 BCE
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Roman Empire - Dominate Present 285 CE  394 CE
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Egypt - Dynasty 0 Absent Inferred 3300 BCE  3100 BCE
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Egypt - Late Old Kingdom Present 2350 BCE  2150 BCE
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Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period Present Inferred 1720 BCE  1567 BCE
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Buyid Confederation Present 932 CE  1062 CE
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Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period Present 868 CE  969 CE
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Ptolemaic Kingdom I Present 305 BCE  217 BCE
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Hallstatt A-B1 Unknown Suspected 1000 BCE  900 BCE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian Present 1150 CE  1328 CE
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Hallstatt D Unknown Suspected 600 BCE  475 BCE
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Carolingian Empire II Unknown Inferred 840 CE  987 CE
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Susiana B Unknown Suspected 5700 BCE  5100 BCE
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Konya Plain - Early Neolithic Absent 9600 BCE  7000 BCE
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Pre-Ceramic Period Unknown Suspected 7800 BCE  7200 BCE
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Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty Present 1493 CE  1591 CE
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Naqada II Unknown Suspected 3550 BCE  3300 BCE
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Seljuk Sultanate Present Inferred 1037 CE  1157 CE
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Monte Alban III Absent 200 CE  500 CE
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Golden Horde Present 1240 CE  1440 CE
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Norman England Absent 1066 CE  1153 CE
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Eastern Han Empire Present 25 CE  220 CE
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Late Tiwanaku Present 800 CE  1149 CE
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Cahokia - Sand Prairie Absent 1275 CE  1400 CE
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Medang Kingdom Uncoded Undecided 732 CE  1019 CE
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Antebellum US Present 1776 CE  1865 CE
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Early Angkor Present 802 CE  1100 CE
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Cuzco - Late Intermediate II Present Inferred 1250 CE  1400 CE
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Kamakura Shogunate Present 1185 CE  1333 CE
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Ashikaga Shogunate Present 1336 CE  1467 CE
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Kanem Unknown Suspected 800 CE  1379 CE
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Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase Present 1101 CE  1140 CE
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Middle and Late Nok Absent Inferred 1500 BCE  901 BCE
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Middle and Late Nok Absent Inferred 900 BCE  0 CE
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Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Present 1867 CE  1918 CE
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Oyo Unknown Suspected 1300 CE  1535 CE
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Abbasid Caliphate II Present 1191 CE  1258 CE
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Indo-Greek Kingdom Uncoded Undecided 180 BCE  10 BCE
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Duchy of Aquitaine I Present 602 CE  768 CE
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Spanish Empire I Present 1516 CE  1715 CE
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Elam - Awan Dynasty I Present Inferred 2675 BCE  2100 BCE
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Nawabs of Bengal Present 1717 CE  1757 CE
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Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period Present Inferred 1800 BCE  1300 BCE
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Parthian Empire I Present 247 BCE  40 CE
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Susa III Absent Inferred 3100 BCE  2675 BCE
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Late Xiongnu Unknown Suspected 60 BCE  100 CE
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Anglo-Saxon England I Absent Inferred 410 CE  926 CE
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Uigur Khaganate Unknown Suspected 745 CE  840 CE
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Warring States Japan Unknown Suspected 1467 CE  1568 CE
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Tokugawa Shogunate Present 1603 CE  1868 CE
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Anglo-Saxon England II Absent Inferred 927 CE  1065 CE
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Early United Mexican States Present 1810 CE  1920 CE
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Cahokia - Late Woodland II Absent 450 CE  600 CE
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Late Classic Tikal Present 555 CE  869 CE
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Cuzco - Early Intermediate II Unknown Suspected 500 CE  649 CE
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Postpalatial Crete Absent 1300 BCE  1200 BCE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late Absent 1714 CE  1848 CE
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Jin Dynasty Present 1115 CE  1234 CE
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Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period Unknown Suspected 3200 BCE  2500 BCE
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Durrani Empire Absent 1747 CE  1826 CE
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Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic Absent 7000 BCE  6600 BCE
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Iban - Pre-Brooke Absent 1650 CE  1841 CE
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Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial Absent 1841 CE  1987 CE
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Ottoman Empire II Present 1517 CE  1683 CE
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Latium - Bronze Age Absent 1800 BCE  900 BCE
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Roman Empire - Principate Present 31 BCE  284 CE
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Yehuda Absent 141 BCE  63 BCE
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Jenne-jeno I Unknown Suspected 250 BCE  49 CE
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Jenne-jeno II Unknown Suspected 50 CE  399 CE
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Middle Wagadu Empire Absent Inferred 700 CE  1077 CE
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Late Roman Republic Present 133 BCE  31 BCE
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Latium - Copper Age Absent 3600 BCE  1800 BCE
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Ostrogothic Kingdom Present Inferred 489 CE  554 CE
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Rome - Republic of St Peter II Absent 904 CE  1198 CE
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Ur - Dynasty III Present 2112 BCE  2004 BCE
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Egypt - Dynasty I Present 3100 BCE  2900 BCE
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Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico Absent Inferred 100 BCE  99 CE
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Oaxaca - Rosario Absent Inferred 700 BCE  500 BCE
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Andronovo Unknown Suspected 1800 BCE  1200 BCE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period Absent 1820 CE  1898 CE
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Jenne-jeno III Unknown Suspected 400 CE  899 CE
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Khitan I Unknown Suspected 907 CE  1125 CE
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Eastern Turk Khaganate Unknown Suspected 583 CE  630 CE
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Majapahit Kingdom Present Inferred 1292 CE  1518 CE
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Early Mongols Absent 1000 CE  1206 CE
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Napoleonic France Present 1816 CE  1870 CE
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Hohokam Culture Present 300 CE  1500 CE
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Khwarezmid Empire Present 1157 CE  1231 CE
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Early Xiongnu Absent Inferred 1400 BCE  300 BCE
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Zungharian Empire Unknown Suspected 1670 CE  1757 CE
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Longshan Present Inferred 3000 BCE  1900 BCE
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Late Formative Basin of Mexico Absent Inferred 400 BCE  101 BCE
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Saffarid Caliphate Present 861 CE  1003 CE
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Oaxaca - Tierras Largas Absent 1400 BCE  1150 BCE
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British Empire I Present 1690 CE  1849 CE
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Kachi Plain - Urban Period I Unknown Suspected 2500 BCE  2100 BCE
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Orokaiva - Colonial Absent 1884 CE  1942 CE
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Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic Unknown Suspected 4000 BCE  3200 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period Present Inferred 1300 BCE  500 BCE
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Jenne-jeno IV Unknown Suspected 900 CE  1300 CE
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Sakha - Early Absent 1400 CE  1632 CE
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Sakha - Late Absent 1632 CE  1900 CE
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Sarazm Unknown Suspected 3500 BCE  2000 BCE
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Sena Dynasty Present 1095 CE  1245 CE
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Hatti - Old Kingdom Unknown Suspected 1650 BCE  1500 BCE
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Lysimachus Kingdom Uncoded Undecided 323 BCE  281 BCE
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Abbasid Caliphate I Present 750 CE  946 CE
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Susa II Absent Inferred 3800 BCE  3100 BCE
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Elam - Early Sukkalmah Unknown Suspected 1900 BCE  1701 BCE
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Dynasty of E Present Inferred 979 BCE  732 BCE
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Phoenician Empire Absent Inferred 1200 BCE  332 BCE
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Cahokia - Middle Woodland Absent 150 BCE  300 CE
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Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II Absent 900 CE  1049 CE
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Cahokia - Late Woodland I Absent 300 CE  450 CE
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La Tene B2-C1 Absent Inferred 325 BCE  175 BCE
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Samanid Empire Present 819 CE  999 CE
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Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty Unknown Suspected 1454 CE  1517 CE
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Plantagenet England Absent Inferred 1154 CE  1485 CE
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Hmong - Early Chinese Absent 1895 CE  1941 CE
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Republic of Venice IV Present 1564 CE  1797 CE
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Ubaid Unknown Suspected 5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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Late Shang Uncoded Undecided 1250 BCE  1045 BCE
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Sui Dynasty Present 581 CE  618 CE
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Tairona Uncoded Undecided 1050 CE  1524 CE
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Axum I Unknown Suspected 149 BCE  349 CE
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Isin-Larsa Present Inferred 2004 BCE  1763 BCE
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Shuar - Ecuadorian Absent 1831 CE  1931 CE
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Amorite Babylonia Present 2000 BCE  1600 BCE
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Kassite Babylonia Present Inferred 1595 BCE  1150 BCE
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Chuuk - Late Truk Absent 1886 CE  1948 CE
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Sasanid Empire II Present 488 CE  642 CE
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Archaic Crete Absent 710 BCE  500 BCE
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The Emirate of Crete Absent 824 CE  961 CE
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Susiana - Late Ubaid Unknown Suspected 4700 BCE  4300 BCE
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Susiana - Early Ubaid Unknown Suspected 5100 BCE  4700 BCE
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Hawaii III Unknown Suspected 1580 CE  1778 CE
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Prepalatial Crete Absent 3000 BCE  1900 BCE
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Second Dynasty of Isin Present Inferred 1153 BCE  1027 BCE
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Bazi Dynasty Present Inferred 1005 BCE  986 BCE
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Neo-Babylonian Empire Present 626 BCE  539 BCE
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Rouran Khaganate Unknown Suspected 300 CE  555 CE
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Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II Present 1776 CE  1917 CE
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Armenian Kingdom Present 188 BCE  6 CE
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Elymais II Present Inferred 25 CE  215 CE
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British East India Company Present 1757 CE  1858 CE
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Monte Alban V Absent Inferred 900 CE  1520 CE
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Early Formative Basin of Mexico Absent Inferred 1200 BCE  801 BCE
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Kediri Kingdom Present 1049 CE  1222 CE
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Middle Formative Basin of Mexico Absent Inferred 800 BCE  401 BCE
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Hawaii I Unknown Suspected 1000 CE  1200 CE
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Cahokia - Early Woodland Absent 600 BCE  150 BCE
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Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I Absent 750 CE  900 CE
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Chuuk - Early Truk Absent 1775 CE  1886 CE
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Neolithic Crete Absent 7000 BCE  3000 BCE
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Final Postpalatial Crete Absent 1200 BCE  1000 BCE
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Classical Crete Absent 500 BCE  323 BCE
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Hellenistic Crete Absent 323 BCE  69 BCE
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Xiongnu Imperial Confederation Unknown Suspected 209 BCE  60 BCE
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Cuzco - Late Formative Unknown Suspected 500 BCE  200 CE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early Absent 1566 CE  1713 CE
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Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic Unknown Suspected 7500 BCE  5500 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic Unknown Suspected 5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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Nara Kingdom Present 710 CE  794 CE
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Republic of St Peter I Unknown Suspected 752 CE  904 CE
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Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II Unknown Suspected 1500 BCE  1400 BCE
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Xianbei Confederation Unknown Suspected 100 CE  250 CE
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Hatti - New Kingdom Absent Inferred 1400 BCE  1180 BCE
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Phrygian Kingdom Unknown Suspected 900 BCE  695 BCE
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Byzantine Empire III Present 1073 CE  1204 CE
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Ottoman Emirate Unknown Suspected 1299 CE  1402 CE
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Exarchate of Ravenna Present Inferred 568 CE  751 CE
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Shuar - Colonial Absent 1534 CE  1830 CE
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Banu Ghaniya Unknown Suspected 1126 CE  1227 CE
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Us Reconstruction-Progressive Present 1866 CE  1933 CE
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Second Turk Khaganate Unknown Suspected 682 CE  744 CE
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Late Mongols Uncoded Undecided 1368 CE  1690 CE
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Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial Absent 1734 CE  1883 CE
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Sasanid Empire I Present 205 CE  487 CE
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England Tudor-Stuart Absent 1486 CE  1689 CE
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French Kingdom - Early Bourbon Present 1589 CE  1660 CE
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Sogdiana - City-States Period Present 604 CE  711 CE
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Chagatai Khanate Unknown Suspected 1227 CE  1402 CE
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Dutch Empire Present 1648 CE  1795 CE
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Rum Sultanate Uncoded Undecided 1077 CE  1307 CE
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East Francia Present Inferred 842 CE  919 CE
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Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling Absent 1050 CE  1199 CE
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British Empire II Present 1850 CE  1968 CE
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Delhi Sultanate Present 1206 CE  1526 CE
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Magadha - Maurya Empire Present 324 BCE  187 BCE
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Mughal Empire Present 1526 CE  1858 CE
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Chalukyas of Kalyani Unknown Suspected 973 CE  1189 CE
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Deccan - Iron Age Unknown Suspected 1200 BCE  300 BCE
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Hoysala Kingdom Uncoded Undecided 1108 CE  1346 CE
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Vijayanagara Empire Present 1336 CE  1646 CE
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Deccan - Neolithic Unknown Suspected 2700 BCE  1200 BCE
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Kadamba Empire Unknown Suspected 345 CE  550 CE
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Chalukyas of Badami Unknown Suspected 543 CE  753 CE
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Hephthalite Empire Unknown Suspected 408 CE  561 CE
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Seleucid Empire Present 312 BCE  63 BCE
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Kingdom of Norway II Absent 1262 CE  1396 CE
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- Present CE
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Kushan Empire Present Inferred 35 CE  319 CE
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Axum II Unknown Suspected 350 CE  599 CE
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Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties Present 1126 CE  1254 CE
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