| # | Polity | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | Edit | Desc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Zuo Zongtang used donkeys and camels for military transport, and compared the military cost of horses, camels, and donkeys in order to cut down the military expense.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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No camels in Hawaii at this time.
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No camels in Hawaii at this time.
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No camels in Hawaii at this time.
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There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
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There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
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There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Bedouin camel troops were used as auxiliaries in North Africa and in the Middle East
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For TrByzM1 expert commented that camels were used as pack animal in Cappadocia, in Anatolia.
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For TrByzM1 expert commented that camels were used as pack animal in Cappadocia, in Anatolia.
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Not native to this region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Not native to region.
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Inferred from the absence of camels in previous polities in Cuzco.
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-
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In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
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-
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In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
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|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
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|
Inferred from the fact that only the use of horses and elephants is mentioned in Ramachandra Murthy’s overview of Rashtrakuta military organisation.
[1]
[1]: N.S. Ramachandra Murthy, Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country, in B.R. Gopal, The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (1994), p. 116 |
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|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
At its maximum extent the Western Chalukya Empire stretches quite north, close to camel habitat.
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
At its maximum extent the Western Chalukya Empire stretches quite north, close to camel habitat.
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
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Kampi Kingdom was covered a small area away from the principal regions of camel habitat in south Asia.
|
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Not native to Americas.
|
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-
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-
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While camels were definitely used in mounted combat during the Iron Age, their use during the Bronze Age has little attestation, and none in military contexts.
|
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-
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-
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According to one military historian (data needs to be checked by an expert for this polity) "The Persians experimented with the use of camel cavalry."
[1]
"Arab troops were equipped with swords slung over their backs, and many fought as archers on camels."
[2]
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[3]
Cyrus I pushed baggage camels on to the front lines to throw Lydian cavalry horses into a confused retreat. This event was a touchstone for future commanders who sought to keep their horses acquainted with camel scent.
[3]
[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 162) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport. [2]: (Farrokh 2007, 77) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing. [3]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
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|
Camel archers at Magnesia.
[1]
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
[1]: (Serrati 2013, 192) Serrati, J. in Campbell B and Tritle LA. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
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|
Camels were used probably by Arab (Haggar) troops. Joe will check whether there were Arab camel drivers.
|
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Coded as present in preceding polities.
|
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-
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-
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The sources establish no connection between domesticated animals and warfare logistics.
|
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|
"Camels were probably of no local significance during the Indus civilization, and those present might have belonged to traders from eastern Iran or Turkmenia, where they were in common use."
[1]
[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 131) Jane McIntosh. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. |
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|
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare
[1]
- but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C."
[3]
- who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE?
[4]
One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India).
[5]
Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?).
[6]
If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km.
[7]
which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.
[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017 [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group. [4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln. [6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics. [7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport. |
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|
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare
[1]
- but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C."
[3]
- who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE?
[4]
One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India).
[5]
Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?).
[6]
If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km.
[7]
which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.
[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017 [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group. [4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln. [6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics. [7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport. |
||||||
|
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare
[1]
- but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C."
[3]
- who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE?
[4]
One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India).
[5]
Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?).
[6]
If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km.
[7]
which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.
[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017 [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group. [4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln. [6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics. [7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport. |
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|
Camels in supply train at Carrhae.
[1]
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
"There is evidence that Parthian archers also used camels on occasion, which had great stamina and gave a good advantage point from which to fire, but their effectiveness was limited due to their soft feet, which would quickly become injured walking on the debris of a battlefield."
[3]
Parthians used some archers mounted on camels.
[2]
[1]: (Debevoise 1938, 86) Debevoise, Neilson C. 1938. A Political History of Parthia. University of Chicago Press Chicago. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/political_history_parthia.pdf [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [3]: (Penrose 2008, 221) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. |
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|
Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, close to Sogdiana and camels are indigenous to the area: Sima’s records state "Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 "
[1]
"The Weilue describes how the population of eastern India ’ride elephants and camels into battle, but currently they provide military service and taxes to the Yuezhi [Kushans]’."
[2]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 [2]: (McLaughlin 2016, 80) Raoul McLaughlin. 2016. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Pen and Sword History. Barnsley. |
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|
Bactrian camels.
[1]
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[2]
[1]: Chaliand, Gerard. Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube. Transaction Books, 2006. [2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
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|
Used extensively in caliphate armies.
[1]
[1]: (Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy) |
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|
Ghaznavids, another Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels.
[1]
Used extensively in caliphate armies.
[2]
[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [2]: Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs |
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|
Ghaznavids, another Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels.
[1]
[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
||||||
|
Ghaznavids, a Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels.
[1]
[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
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-
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|
zanbūrak (little bee), was a type of swivel gun mounted on the back of a camel (Plate I). Zanbūraks were often fired from a kneeling camel, but could be employed from a trotting one as well
[1]
Two musketeers armed with zamburaq (swivel gun) were mounted on the back of a camels. More often, shutrnals (what were they?) were mounted on camels.
[2]
[1]: A. Dupré, Voyage en Perse fait dans les années 1807, 1808, 1809, en traversant la Natolie [sic] et la Mésopotamie, 2 vols., Paris, 1819. p. 297 [2]: (Egerton 2002, 28-29) Lord Egerton of Tatton. 2002 (1896). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola. |
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|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
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|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
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||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
|
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
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||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
|
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
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||||||
|
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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||||||
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I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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||||||
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I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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||||||
|
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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||||||
|
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
|
||||||
|
could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
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|
could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
|
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-
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-
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|
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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-
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
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||||||
|
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
|
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|
"The Turcomans of Central Asia made use of the two-humped Bactrian camel, which in the Iranian borderlands was often crossed with the female Arabian dromedary to give a more adaptable stock for varied climates. However, it must be borne in mind that neither the Bactrian nor the Arabian camel is a fighting animal. It may be a source of milk or hair, but its principal function is as a baggage carrier."
[1]
For baggage.
[1]: (Cahen 2001, 77) Claude Cahen. P M Holt trans. 2001. The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Routledge. London. |
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Pack animal?
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-
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Some of the sources mentioned horses, but not any other animals used in warfare. Camels are extremely unlikely to have been in use
|
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|
Some of the sources mentioned horses, but not any other animals used in warfare. Camels are extremely unlikely to have been in use
|
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|
descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors
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|
descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors
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|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
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|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
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||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
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|
Present in previous and subsequent periods.
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-
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|
"Berber-speaking forebears of the present-day Tuareg are believed to have introduced camels to the Saharan trade routes, sometime between the second and fifth centuries AD... Camels extended both the volume and the radius of trade." "The Sanhaja people of the Western Sahara acquired large numbers of camels by the fourth and fifth centuries."
[1]
[1]: (Conrad 2010, 30) |
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|
"Berber-speaking forebears of the present-day Tuareg are believed to have introduced camels to the Saharan trade routes, sometime between the second and fifth centuries AD... Camels extended both the volume and the radius of trade." "The Sanhaja people of the Western Sahara acquired large numbers of camels by the fourth and fifth centuries."
[1]
[1]: (Conrad 2010, 30) |
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-
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-
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|
During campaign against Liu Song: "Tuoba Dao drank only water brought by camel from the North"
[1]
Never used in warfare, besides as pack animals.
[2]
[1]: (Dien 2014, 31). Dien, Albert. 2014. The Disputation at Pengcheng: Accounts from the Wei Shu and Song Shu. in ed. Swartz, Wendy, Campany, Robert Ford, Lu, Yang and Jessey Choo. Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. New York: Columbia University Press. 32-60. [2]: (North China Workshop 2016) |
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|
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
|
||||||
|
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state "Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land."
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land."
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Present in preceding and succeeding polities.
|
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|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Khitan tomb murals depict "camel-drawn yurt carriages"
[1]
so it is possible camels could have been used as a pack animal in the context of warfare.
[1]: (Tackett 2017, 46) Nicolas Tackett. 2017. The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. |
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|
Nomadic Kara-Khanids would have had no tradition using camels in warfare.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Present in previous and subsequent polities.
|
||||||
|
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate
[1]
which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE.
[1]: Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy |
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|
Daylamites were infantry warriors and had to hire their cavalry. Likely did not have access to camels or use camel warriors. May have been used as pack animals as camels were present for postal duty: "A network of camel stations was established under the Abbasids and continued under the Buyid and Samanid successor regimes."
[1]
[1]: (Irwin 2010, 152) Robert Irwin. 2010. Camel. Reaktion Books. London. |
||||||
|
May have been used as pack animals as camels were present for postal duty during Buyid and Samanid times: "A network of camel stations was established under the Abbasids and continued under the Buyid and Samanid successor regimes."
[1]
"The camel was the favorite mount of the Turkish founders of the Seljuk..."
[2]
[1]: (Irwin 2010, 152) Robert Irwin. 2010. Camel. Reaktion Books. London. [2]: David Levinson. Karen Christensen. eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of modern Asia, Volume 1. Charles Scribner’s Sons. p.428 |
||||||
|
Camels used for carrying military supplies
[1]
"The said sultan also takes with his army five thousand camels laden with tents, all of cotton and also ropes of cotton ".^
[2]
[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 65-66 , Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/ [2]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 111-113, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/ |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
Under chapter 9 "The Rajput Administration": "Camels perhaps formed a separate corps."
[1]
"Further details about military dress and equipment can be had from the Kathakosaprakarana, Yasastilaka champu and the Tilakamanjari."
[1]
[1]: (Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh eds 2005, 394) S R Bakshi. S Gajrani. Hari Singh. eds. 2005. Early Aryans to Swaraj. Volume 3: Indian Education and Rajputs. Sarup & Sons. New Delhi. |
||||||
|
Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts.
|
||||||
|
Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts.
|
||||||
|
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport
[1]
[2]
in different regions according to local conditions.
[2]
Were camels used in this region as pack animals?
[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi. [2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi. |
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|
"Sulaiman (AD 851) states of the Gurjara king that no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry . . ’his camels and horses are numerous.’ Ghoshal comments that the Indian autfrorities of both this period and the later eleventh-twelfth centuries agree in assigning ’the first rank in their classified list of horses to the foreign breeds, and the lowest to the indigenous breeds.’"
[1]
[1]: (Deyell 2001, 398) Deyell, J. 2001. The Gurjara-Pratiharas. In R. Chakravarti (ed) Trade in Early India. OUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF59EW5P/library |
||||||
|
Animal not present in region.
|
||||||
|
Animal not present in region.
|
||||||
|
Animal not present in region.
|
||||||
|
Animal not present in region.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
"The earliest irrefutable evidence of horses in sub-Saharan Africa comes from the Arabic texts, beginning with the writings of Al-Muhallabi from about AD 985. By then, however, the horse was a highly valued prestige animal, and camels were the vehicle of trans-Saharan trade."
[1]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 266) |
||||||
|
"The earliest irrefutable evidence of horses in sub-Saharan Africa comes from the Arabic texts, beginning with the writings of Al-Muhallabi from about AD 985. By then, however, the horse was a highly valued prestige animal, and camels were the vehicle of trans-Saharan trade."
[1]
[1]: (Reader 1998, 266) |
||||||
|
Inferred from the presence of camels in previous and subsequent polities in Niger Inland Delta. "As well as horses, there was some use of camels by the armies of the West and Central Sudan. ... They supplanted, or more probably supplemented, the droves of oxen, ponies, mules, and donkeys previously used for transport in Borno ... Camels were also well-adapted to scouting and skirmishing in the desert and semi-desert parts of the region as well as to carrying baggage ..."
[1]
Mercenaries?: "the desert Taureg were sought-after allies in the wars of the Sudan."
[1]
Seems unlikely, unless used as mercenaries.
[1]: (Smith 1989, 91) Robert Sydney Smith. 1989. Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa. Second Edition. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. |
||||||
|
"As well as horses, there was some use of camels by the armies of the West and Central Sudan. ... They supplanted, or more probably supplemented, the droves of oxen, ponies, mules, and donkeys previously used for transport in Borno ... Camels were also well-adapted to scouting and skirmishing in the desert and semi-desert parts of the region as well as to carrying baggage ..."
[1]
Mercenaries?: "the desert Taureg were sought-after allies in the wars of the Sudan."
[1]
Seems unlikely, unless used as mercenaries.
[1]: (Smith 1989, 91) Robert Sydney Smith. 1989. Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa. Second Edition. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison. |
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Coded as inferred present as it is a later source, but due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 "
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
Coded as inferred present as it is a later source, but due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 "
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Although this is an earlier code for the Xiongnu, the Xianbei had taken over most of the Xiongnu lands and there is no reason why the animals would no longer be in Orkhon valley or used by an extremely similar culture: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land."
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature RA.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Absent in previous and subsequent periods.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
"Cattle and particularly ovicaprids, horses and Bactrian camels were reared."
[1]
"The cults of Khorezm are also evidenced by figurines of the horse and camel."
[1]
Probably used as pack animals.
[1]: (Kuzʹmina 2007, 238) J P Mallory ed. Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. Leiden. |
||||||
|
Due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. It may be a later Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, but this is close to Sogdiana and can be used to infer about the Steppe Nomad culture: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 "
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. It may be a Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, but this is close to Sogdiana and camels are indigenous to the area: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 "
[1]
[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272 |
||||||
|
Some of the Afrasiab paintings represent the bridal ceremony of a princess coming from the Chaganiyan region in order to marry a Samarkand ruler. The paintings include "maids of honour on horseback, two envoys on camels, holding sceptres denoting their mission"
[1]
Camels were thus deemed appropriate mounts, and could possibly have been used for warfare?
[1]: (Frumkin 1970, 124) |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
we need expert input in order to code this variable
|
||||||
|
we need expert input in order to code this variable
|
||||||
|
"In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)".
[1]
[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ. |
||||||
|
"In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)".
[1]
[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ. |
||||||
|
Donkey was domesticated first. "In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)".
[1]
[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ. |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned by sources.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned by sources.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned by sources.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned by sources.
|
||||||
|
Camels in supply train at Carrhae.
[1]
"There is evidence that Parthian archers also used camels on occasion, which had great stamina and gave a good advantage point from which to fire, but their effectiveness was limited due to their soft feet, which would quickly become injured walking on the debris of a battlefield."
[2]
[1]: (Debevoise 1938, 86) Debevoise, Neilson C. 1938. A Political History of Parthia. University of Chicago Press Chicago. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/political_history_parthia.pdf [2]: (Penrose 2008, 221) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Were they used as pack animals?
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
Not used for military purposes until much later
|
||||||
|
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC."
[1]
If not for cavalry they could have been used for transport.
[1]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
||||||
|
Available in the region and could have been used as a pack animal.
|
||||||
|
Mules, horses and camels used for transportation.
[1]
Qajars used the zanburak
[2]
(a gun mounted on a camel).
[1]: (Ward 2014, 71) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC. [2]: (Ward 2014, 65) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC. |
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
Not native to region.
|
||||||
|
"Battle-scenes". found in"Assurbanipal’s palace at Nineveh". depict"The battle between Assurbanipal and the Arabian queen Adiya in 650 BC". in which Adiya’s"Camel-riders [...] are armed with bow and arrows".
[1]
[1]: (Jung 1994: 242-243) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UR2Z7N3W. |
||||||
|
The following quote broadly refers to pre-Islamic Arabia. "The manner of deployment of this arsenal is elucidated by battle scenes in the rock art of pastoralist tribes (Pl. 29c) and by their poetry, which commonly narrates whole incidents. Both, incidentally, make clear that the camel was ridden to battle and in retreat (Pl. 29d), but the horse was used during the battle itself"
[1]
[1]: (Hoyland 2001, 191) Hoyland, R. 2001. Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/hoylan/titleCreatorYear/items/AUHRSTGG/item-list |
||||||
|
We are unsure whether camels were present in the South of the peninsula at the time. We have assumed so for the time being, but more detail is needed.
|
||||||
|
"Dogs and pigs were the domesticated animals."
[1]
[1]: (Liu and Chen 2012: 144, 107) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY. |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
"As these campaigns placed a premium upon careful logistical preparations, Victorian commanders and their staffs became adept at calculating their supply, transport, and support arrangements. They repeatedly had to cope with difficulties of transportation, especially the variable quality of animals procured and the poor standards of animal husbandry in the field. They often had to procure vast numbers of animals (in Zululand, Lord Chelmsford ultimately employed 27,000 oxen and 5,000 mules to haul over 2,5000 vehicles), and had to adapt their transport to local circumstances. They employed bullock carts, elephants, and camels in India, waggons drawn by oxen and mules in southern Africa, bearers in west Africa, boats in Perak, and pack-animals in mountains and across roadless country."
[1]
At the Battle of Omdurman of the Second Sudan War 1898 CE General Kitchener had "2,469 horses, 896 mules, 3,524 camels, and 229 donkeys."
[2]
[1]: (Spiers 1996, 198) Edward Spiers. The Late Victorian Army 1868-1914. David G Chandler. Ian Beckett. eds. 1996. The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford University Press. Oxford. [2]: (Spiers 1996, 206) Edward Spiers. The Late Victorian Army 1868-1914. David G Chandler. Ian Beckett. eds. 1996. The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford University Press. Oxford. |
||||||