Section: Animals used in warfare
Variable: Camel (All coded records)
The absence or presence of camels as a military technology used in warfare.  
Camel
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy absent Confident Expert -
Not native to Americas.
2 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1968[1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1: 1778-1854, Foundation and Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.


3 Ottoman Emirate absent Confident Expert 1290 CE 1325 CE
later, yes. [1]

[1]: Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.


4 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
5 Peiligang absent Confident Expert -
"Dogs and pigs were the domesticated animals." [1]

[1]: (Liu and Chen 2012: 144, 107) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DE5TU7HY.


6 Longshan absent Confident Expert -
Animal not present in region.
7 Early Wei Dynasty absent Inferred Expert -
No report of camels introduced into the region during this period. Never used in warfare, besides as pack animals. [1]

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)


8 Yangshao absent Confident Expert -
Animal not present in region.
9 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors
10 Proto-French Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
11 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
12 French Kingdom - Late Capetian absent Confident Expert -
-
13 Neguanje absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
14 Tairona absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
15 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident Expert -
descriptions of raids make no mention of animals accompanying warriors
16 Egypt - Dynasty 0 absent Confident Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
17 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
18 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
19 Badarian absent Confident Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
20 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
21 Egypt - Saite Period absent Confident Uncertain Expert -
present, if Saites employed bedouins [1] "Our documentation lays much emphasis on those of Greek and Carian extraction, but we also hear of Jews, Phoenicians, and possibly Shasu Bedouin." [2]

[1]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication)

[2]: (Lloyd 2000, 366)


22 Egypt - Middle Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
23 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
24 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon absent Inferred Expert -
Absent in previous and subsequent periods.
25 Carolingian Empire I absent Confident Expert -
David Baker says absent. [1]

[1]: David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.


26 Naqada I absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
27 Naqada II absent Confident Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
28 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period absent Confident Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
29 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
30 Hawaii III absent Confident Expert -
No camels in Hawaii at this time.
31 Majapahit Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Not specified in list of animals used in warfare [1]

[1]: (Hall 2000, 65)


32 Medang Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Not specified in list of animals used in warfare. [1]

[1]: (Hall 2000, 65)


33 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
34 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
35 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
36 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
37 Heian absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
38 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama absent Confident Expert -
could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
39 Ashikaga Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
40 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
41 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
42 Formative Period absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
43 Susiana B absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
44 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
45 Spanish Empire I absent Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the absence of camels in previous polities in Cuzco.
46 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
47 Susa III absent Confident Expert -
3rd millenium BC, bactrian camels appear in engravings showing their importance but no military use until much later. [1]

[1]: Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Khuzestan in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 312-314


48 Atlantic Complex absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
49 Beaker Culture absent Inferred Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
50 Carolingian Empire II absent Confident Expert -
David Baker says absent. [1]

[1]: David Baker. Personal communication to Seshat Databank.


51 Akkadian Empire absent Confident Expert -
3rd millenium BC, bactrian camels appear in engravings showing their importance but no military use until much later. [1]

[1]: Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Khuzestan in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 312-314


52 Hallstatt A-B1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
53 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
"In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)". [1]

[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ.


54 Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
"In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)". [1]

[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ.


55 Uruk absent Confident Expert -
Donkey was domesticated first. "In Iraq and Syria domesticated donkey appeared during the Late Uruk period (ca. 3600-3100 BCE) at Uruk (Boessneck et al., p. 166), Tell Rubeidheh (Payne, pp. 99-100), and Habuba Kabira (Strommenger and Bollweg, pp. 354-55)". [1]

[1]: (Potts 2012) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DWHJQHHJ.


56 La Tene A-B1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
57 Elam - Awan Dynasty I absent Confident Expert -
3rd millenium BC, bactrian camels appear in engravings showing their importance but no military use until much later. [1]

[1]: Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Khuzestan in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 312-314


58 La Tene B2-C1 absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature.
59 Sasanid Empire I absent Confident Uncertain Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Farrokh 2005, 3-27) Farrokh, Kevah. 2005. Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing.


60 Classical Angkor absent Confident Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’ (2007) exhaustive discussion of the military structure and weaponry of the Khmers makes no mention of the use of camels, dogs, or donkeys. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


61 La Tene C2-D absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned in the literature RA.
62 Ashanti Empire absent Confident Expert -
The sources establish no connection between domesticated animals and warfare logistics.
63 Hawaii I absent Confident Expert -
No camels in Hawaii at this time.
64 Hawaii II absent Confident Expert -
No camels in Hawaii at this time.
65 Kediri Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Not specified in list of animals used in warfare. [1]

[1]: (Hall 2000, 65)


66 Mataram Sultanate absent Confident Expert -
Not specified in list of animals used in warfare [1]

[1]: (Hall 2000, 65)


67 Hallstatt B2-3 absent Confident Expert -
-
68 Hallstatt C absent Confident Expert -
-
69 Ayutthaya absent Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the fact that horses and elephants are the only animals mentioned in Charney’s [1] comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century.

[1]: (Charney 2004)


70 Early A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
71 Late A'chik absent Confident Expert -
-
72 Sakha - Late absent Confident Expert -
Some of the sources mentioned horses, but not any other animals used in warfare. Camels are extremely unlikely to have been in use
73 Magadha - Maurya Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
74 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Confident Expert -
"Camels were probably of no local significance during the Indus civilization, and those present might have belonged to traders from eastern Iran or Turkmenia, where they were in common use." [1]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 131)


75 Latium - Bronze Age absent Confident Expert -
-
76 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident Expert -
-
77 Latium - Iron Age absent Confident Expert -
-
78 Ostrogothic Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
79 Rome - Republic of St Peter II absent Confident Expert -
-
80 Papal States - High Medieval Period absent Confident Expert -
-
81 Papal States - Early Modern Period I absent Confident Expert -
-
82 Papal States - Early Modern Period II absent Confident Expert -
-
83 Papal States - Renaissance Period absent Confident Expert -
-
84 Exarchate of Ravenna absent Confident Expert -
-
85 Early Roman Republic absent Confident Expert -
-
86 Late Roman Republic absent Confident Expert -
-
87 Middle Roman Republic absent Confident Expert -
-
88 Roman Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
89 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity absent Confident Expert -
-
90 Republic of St Peter I absent Confident Expert -
-
91 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
92 Hatti - New Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
93 Kampili Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
Kampi Kingdom was covered a small area away from the principal regions of camel habitat in south Asia.
94 Mahajanapada era absent Confident Expert -
Camels are not discussed in relation to warfare at this time. [1]

[1]: Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2008).


95 Hallstatt D absent Confident Expert -
-
96 French Kingdom - Early Valois absent Confident Expert -
-
97 Bazi Dynasty absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned by sources.
98 Dynasty of E absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned by sources.
99 Second Dynasty of Isin absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned by sources.
100 Isin-Larsa absent Confident Expert -
Not mentioned by sources.
101 French Kingdom - Late Valois absent Confident Expert -
-
102 Ur - Dynasty III absent Confident Expert -
3rd millenium BC, bactrian camels appear in engravings showing their importance but no military use until much later. [1]

[1]: Javier Alvarez-Mon, ‘Khuzestan in the Bronze Age’, In Daniel T. Potts (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, 2013, pp. 312-314


103 Archaic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
104 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
105 Classical Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
106 The Emirate of Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
107 Susiana A absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
108 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
109 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
110 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
111 Final Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
112 Geometric Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
113 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
Although camels were present at Pirak, there is no evidence for organized warfare at Pirak. [1]

[1]: Jarrige, J-F. (1979) Fouilles de Pirak. Paris : Diffusion de Boccard. p404


114 Susa I absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
115 Susa II absent Confident Expert -
Not used for military purposes until much later
116 Icelandic Commonwealth absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Axel Kristissen; Arni D Juliusson pers. comm. 2017


117 Asuka absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
118 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
119 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident Expert -
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful. And camels are not native to Japan or its neighbouring regions.
120 Kansai - Kofun Period absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
121 Tokugawa Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
122 Kara-Khanids absent Inferred Expert -
Nomadic Kara-Khanids would have had no tradition using camels in warfare.
123 Late Angkor absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’ (2007) exhaustive discussion of the military structure and weaponry of the Khmers makes no mention of the use of camels, dogs, or donkeys. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


124 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred due to lack of evidence of warfare [1]

[1]: (Kenoyer 1991, p. 347)


125 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred due to lack of evidence of warfare [1]

[1]: (Kenoyer 1991, p. 347)


126 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
127 Phoenician Empire absent Confident Expert -
-
128 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident Expert -
-
129 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident Expert -
-
130 Kingdom of Norway II absent Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: Júlíusson and Kristissen, pers. comm. 2017


131 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty absent Confident Expert -
-
132 Oaxaca - San Jose absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
133 Monte Alban V absent Confident Expert -
Species was not present at this time in the American continents. [1] [2]

[1]: Marcus, J. and K. V. Flannery (1996). Zapotec civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley, Thames and Hudson London.

[2]: Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1983). "The Cloud People." New York, p36


134 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
135 Rattanakosin absent Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the fact that horses and elephants are the only animals mentioned in Charney’s [1] comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century.

[1]: (Charney 2004)


136 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Expert -
"The earliest irrefutable evidence of horses in sub-Saharan Africa comes from the Arabic texts, beginning with the writings of Al-Muhallabi from about AD 985. By then, however, the horse was a highly valued prestige animal, and camels were the vehicle of trans-Saharan trade." [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 266)


137 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident Expert -
"The earliest irrefutable evidence of horses in sub-Saharan Africa comes from the Arabic texts, beginning with the writings of Al-Muhallabi from about AD 985. By then, however, the horse was a highly valued prestige animal, and camels were the vehicle of trans-Saharan trade." [1]

[1]: (Reader 1998, 266)


138 Monte Alban II absent Confident Expert -
-
139 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
140 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
141 Chenla absent Confident Expert -
There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
142 Khmer Kingdom absent Inferred Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’ (2007) exhaustive discussion of the military structure and weaponry of the Khmers makes no mention of the use of camels, dogs, or donkeys. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


143 Hellenistic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
144 Hatti - Old Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
145 Funan I absent Confident Expert -
There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
146 Funan II absent Confident Expert -
There are no camels in mainland Southeast Asia.
147 Early Angkor absent Confident Expert -
Jacq-Hergoualc’h’ (2007) exhaustive discussion of the military structure and weaponry of the Khmers makes no mention of the use of camels, dogs, or donkeys. [1]

[1]: (Jacq-Hergoualc’h and Smithies 2007)


148 Monopalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
149 Neolithic Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
150 Early Monte Alban I absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
151 Monte Alban Late I absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
152 Monte Alban III absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
153 Monte Alban IIIB and IV absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
154 Archaic Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
155 Aztec Empire absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
156 Classic Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
157 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
158 Early Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
159 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
160 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
161 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
162 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
163 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
164 Oaxaca - Rosario absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
165 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
166 Toltecs absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
167 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
168 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
169 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
170 Cuzco - Late Formative absent Confident Expert -
Not native to this region.
171 Inca Empire absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
172 Wari Empire absent Confident Expert -
Not native to region.
173 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Inferred due to lack of evidence of warfare [1]

[1]: (Kenoyer 1991, p. 347)


174 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident Expert -
Inferred due to lack of evidence of warfare [1]

[1]: (Kenoyer 1991, p. 347)


175 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Confident Expert -
"Camels were probably of no local significance during the Indus civilization, and those present might have belonged to traders from eastern Iran or Turkmenia, where they were in common use." [1]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 131) Jane McIntosh. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO.


176 Sakha - Early absent Confident Expert -
Some of the sources mentioned horses, but not any other animals used in warfare. Camels are extremely unlikely to have been in use
177 Egypt - Kushite Period absent Inferred Expert -
camels not considered native to Egypt, likely introduced by Persians in 525 BCE
178 New Palace Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
179 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
180 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
181 Old Palace Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
182 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
183 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
184 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
185 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
Technology not found in archaeological evidence until much later
186 Postpalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
187 Prepalatial Crete absent Confident Expert -
-
188 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident Expert -
-
189 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident Expert -
-
190 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident Expert -
-
191 Early Illinois Confederation absent Confident Expert -
-
192 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident Expert -
-
193 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident Expert -
-
194 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
195 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident Expert -
-
196 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident Expert -
-
197 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident Expert -
-
198 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident Expert -
-
199 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident Expert -
-
200 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident Expert -
-
201 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident Expert -
-
202 Oneota absent Confident Expert -
-
203 Kansai - Yayoi Period absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
204 Warring States Japan absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
205 Nara Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
206 Kamakura Shogunate absent Confident Expert -
I could find no evidence of camels - but no sources saying that they were not used either (although I think this is a very safe bet)
207 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial absent Confident Expert -
-
208 Java - Buni Culture absent Confident Expert -
-
209 Kalingga Kingdom absent Confident Expert -
-
210 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Confident Uncertain Expert -
For TrByzM1 expert commented that camels were used as pack animal in Cappadocia, in Anatolia.
211 Deccan - Neolithic absent Confident Expert -
-
212 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon absent Confident Expert -
-
213 Erligang absent Confident Expert -
Animal not present in region.
214 Erlitou absent Confident Expert -
Animal not present in region.
215 Ottoman Emirate absent Confident Uncertain Expert 1326 CE 1402 CE
later, yes. [1]

[1]: Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.


216 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE.

[1]: Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy


217 Qatabanian Commonwealth present Confident Expert -
The following quote broadly refers to pre-Islamic Arabia. "The manner of deployment of this arsenal is elucidated by battle scenes in the rock art of pastoralist tribes (Pl. 29c) and by their poetry, which commonly narrates whole incidents. Both, incidentally, make clear that the camel was ridden to battle and in retreat (Pl. 29d), but the horse was used during the battle itself" [1]

[1]: (Hoyland 2001, 191) Hoyland, R. 2001. Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/hoylan/titleCreatorYear/items/AUHRSTGG/item-list


218 Wei Kingdom present Confident Expert -
Used as pack animals in warfare [1]

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)


219 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident Expert -
"As these campaigns placed a premium upon careful logistical preparations, Victorian commanders and their staffs became adept at calculating their supply, transport, and support arrangements. They repeatedly had to cope with difficulties of transportation, especially the variable quality of animals procured and the poor standards of animal husbandry in the field. They often had to procure vast numbers of animals (in Zululand, Lord Chelmsford ultimately employed 27,000 oxen and 5,000 mules to haul over 2,5000 vehicles), and had to adapt their transport to local circumstances. They employed bullock carts, elephants, and camels in India, waggons drawn by oxen and mules in southern Africa, bearers in west Africa, boats in Perak, and pack-animals in mountains and across roadless country." [1] At the Battle of Omdurman of the Second Sudan War 1898 CE General Kitchener had "2,469 horses, 896 mules, 3,524 camels, and 229 donkeys." [2]

[1]: (Spiers 1996, 198) Edward Spiers. The Late Victorian Army 1868-1914. David G Chandler. Ian Beckett. eds. 1996. The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: (Spiers 1996, 206) Edward Spiers. The Late Victorian Army 1868-1914. David G Chandler. Ian Beckett. eds. 1996. The Oxford History of the British Army. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


220 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty present Confident Expert -
"Sulaiman (AD 851) states of the Gurjara king that no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry . . ’his camels and horses are numerous.’ Ghoshal comments that the Indian autfrorities of both this period and the later eleventh-twelfth centuries agree in assigning ’the first rank in their classified list of horses to the foreign breeds, and the lowest to the indigenous breeds.’" [1]

[1]: (Deyell 2001, 398) Deyell, J. 2001. The Gurjara-Pratiharas. In R. Chakravarti (ed) Trade in Early India. OUP. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF59EW5P/library


221 Eastern Han Empire present Confident Expert -
Supply train: oxen, donkeys, horses, mules, camels. [1] Used as pack animals in warfare [2]

[1]: (Peers 1995, 12)

[2]: (North China Workshop 2016)


222 Late Qing present Confident Expert -
Zuo Zongtang used donkeys and camels for military transport, and compared the military cost of horses, camels, and donkeys in order to cut down the military expense.
223 Western Han Empire present Confident Expert -
Never used in warfare, besides as pack animals. [1] Supply train: oxen, donkeys, horses, mules, camels. [2]

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)

[2]: (Peers 1995, 12)


224 Yehuda present Inferred Expert -
Coded as present in preceding polities.
225 Delhi Sultanate present Inferred Expert -
Ghaznavids, a Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels. [1]

[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


226 Vijayanagara Empire present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta, An Advanced History of India (1974), p. 376


227 Abbasid Caliphate II present Inferred Expert -
Were they used as pack animals?
228 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Inferred Expert -
Present in previous and subsequent polities.
229 Ak Koyunlu present Inferred Expert -
Available in the region and could have been used as a pack animal.
230 Elymais II present Inferred Expert -
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [1] If not for cavalry they could have been used for transport.

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


231 Ilkhanate present Inferred Expert -
Pack animal?
232 Safavid Empire present Confident Expert -
Mainly used for the baggage train. [1]

[1]: Blow, David. Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. London: I.B. Tauris , 2009, p.67.


233 Sasanid Empire I present Confident Uncertain Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Farrokh 2005, 3-27) Farrokh, Kevah. 2005. Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing.


234 East Roman Empire present Confident Expert -
-
235 Early Mongols present Confident Expert -
Bactrian camels could be used for transport [1]

[1]: (Timothy May 2007)


236 Zungharian Empire present Confident Expert -
"Liang Fen also notes: [Galdan] [...] loaded his cannon on camels. People who heard their thunderous roar near and far submitted." [1]

[1]: (Perdue 2005, 304-305)


237 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Nicolle 1996, 65-69)


238 Byzantine Empire III present Confident Expert -
Preiser-Kapeller says present. [1] if pack animals code is absent

[1]: (Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)


239 Ottoman Empire I present Confident Expert -
Used for transport. [1]

[1]: (Turnbull 2003, 21)


240 Ottoman Empire II present Confident Expert -
Used for transport. [1]

[1]: (Turnbull 2003, 21)


241 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Abbasid Caliphate [1] which occupied Yemen between 751-868 CE.

[1]: (Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.


242 Durrani Empire present Confident Expert -
zanbūrak (little bee), was a type of swivel gun mounted on the back of a camel (Plate I). Zanbūraks were often fired from a kneeling camel, but could be employed from a trotting one as well [1] Two musketeers armed with zamburaq (swivel gun) were mounted on the back of a camels. More often, shutrnals (what were they?) were mounted on camels. [2]

[1]: A. Dupré, Voyage en Perse fait dans les années 1807, 1808, 1809, en traversant la Natolie [sic] et la Mésopotamie, 2 vols., Paris, 1819. p. 297

[2]: (Egerton 2002, 28-29) Lord Egerton of Tatton. 2002 (1896). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.


243 Ghur Principality present Inferred Expert -
Ghaznavids, another Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels. [1]

[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


244 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


245 Hephthalites present Confident Expert -
Bactrian camels. [1] "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2]

[1]: Chaliand, Gerard. Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube. Transaction Books, 2006.

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


246 Kidarite Kingdom present Confident Expert -
"Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


247 Kushan Empire present Confident Expert -
Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, close to Sogdiana and camels are indigenous to the area: Sima’s records state "Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 " [1] "The Weilue describes how the population of eastern India ’ride elephants and camels into battle, but currently they provide military service and taxes to the Yuezhi [Kushans]’." [2]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272

[2]: (McLaughlin 2016, 80) Raoul McLaughlin. 2016. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Pen and Sword History. Barnsley.


248 Tocharians present Confident Expert -
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. It may be a Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, but this is close to Sogdiana and camels are indigenous to the area: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 " [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


249 Northern Wei present Confident Expert -
During campaign against Liu Song: "Tuoba Dao drank only water brought by camel from the North" [1] Never used in warfare, besides as pack animals. [2]

[1]: (Dien 2014, 31). Dien, Albert. 2014. The Disputation at Pengcheng: Accounts from the Wei Shu and Song Shu. in ed. Swartz, Wendy, Campany, Robert Ford, Lu, Yang and Jessey Choo. Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook. New York: Columbia University Press. 32-60.

[2]: (North China Workshop 2016)


250 Roman Empire - Dominate present Confident Uncertain Expert -
For TrByzM1 expert commented that camels were used as pack animal in Cappadocia, in Anatolia.
251 Timurid Empire present Confident Expert -
Used at Delhi - grasses tied to their backs were set alight to scare off the India war elephants. [1]

[1]: (Marozzi 2004) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.


252 Sui Dynasty present Confident Expert -
Never used in warfare, besides as pack animals. [1] We now code pack animals as present.

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)


253 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Raymond 2000, 86)


254 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period present Inferred Expert -
Present in previous and subsequent periods.
255 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident Expert -
Camels used to carry baggage. "On major campaigns, 13th- and 14th-century mamluks each received one or two baggage camels whereas every two non-elite halqa soldiers shared three camels." [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


256 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident Expert -
Camels used to carry baggage. "On major campaigns, 13th- and 14th-century mamluks each received one or two baggage camels whereas every two non-elite halqa soldiers shared three camels." [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


257 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident Expert -
Camels used to carry baggage. "On major campaigns, 13th- and 14th-century mamluks each received one or two baggage camels whereas every two non-elite halqa soldiers shared three camels." [1]

[1]: (Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.


258 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident Expert -
Camels were used probably by Arab (Haggar) troops. Joe will check whether there were Arab camel drivers.
259 Egypt - Saite Period present Confident Uncertain Expert -
present, if Saites employed bedouins [1] "Our documentation lays much emphasis on those of Greek and Carian extraction, but we also hear of Jews, Phoenicians, and possibly Shasu Bedouin." [2]

[1]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication)

[2]: (Lloyd 2000, 366)


260 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Confident Expert -
For Abbasid Caliphate: Used extensively in caliphate armies. [1]

[1]: Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs


261 Early Merovingian present Inferred Expert -
Gundovald used camels to carry treasure. While this is not a military use, it does seem that these camels were accompanying the military albeit as a vehicle to transport goods. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 58)


262 Proto-Carolingian present Inferred Expert -
Gundovald used camels to carry treasure. While this is not a military use, it does seem that these camels were accompanying the military albeit as a vehicle to transport goods. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 58)


263 Middle Merovingian present Inferred Expert -
Gundovald used camels to carry treasure. While this is not a military use, it does seem that these camels were accompanying the military albeit as a vehicle to transport goods. [1]

[1]: (Bachrach 1972, 58)


264 Kadamba Empire present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2]

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


265 Chalukyas of Badami present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2]

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


266 Gahadavala Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Under chapter 9 "The Rajput Administration": "Camels perhaps formed a separate corps." [1] "Further details about military dress and equipment can be had from the Kathakosaprakarana, Yasastilaka champu and the Tilakamanjari." [1]

[1]: (Bakshi, Gajrani and Singh eds 2005, 394) S R Bakshi. S Gajrani. Hari Singh. eds. 2005. Early Aryans to Swaraj. Volume 3: Indian Education and Rajputs. Sarup & Sons. New Delhi.


267 Hoysala Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] At its maximum extent the Western Chalukya Empire stretches quite north, close to camel habitat.

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


268 Magadha present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2]

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


269 Mughal Empire present Confident Expert -
As well as horse-cavalry, camels also used. [1]

[1]: J.J.L. Gommans, Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500 1700. London: Routledge, 2002, p.158.


270 Satavahana Empire present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


271 Vakataka Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2]

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


272 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident Expert -
Used extensively in caliphate armies. [1]

[1]: (Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London; New York: Routledge, 2001. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy)


273 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Confident Expert -
First to use camels in military. Assyria in the 9th century CE used military camels.. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


274 Achaemenid Empire present Confident Expert -
According to one military historian (data needs to be checked by an expert for this polity) "The Persians experimented with the use of camel cavalry." [1] "Arab troops were equipped with swords slung over their backs, and many fought as archers on camels." [2] "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [3] Cyrus I pushed baggage camels on to the front lines to throw Lydian cavalry horses into a confused retreat. This event was a touchstone for future commanders who sought to keep their horses acquainted with camel scent. [3]

[1]: (Gabriel 2002, 162) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.

[2]: (Farrokh 2007, 77) Farrokh, K. 2007. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publishing.

[3]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


275 Buyid Confederation present Inferred Expert -
Daylamites were infantry warriors and had to hire their cavalry. Likely did not have access to camels or use camel warriors. May have been used as pack animals as camels were present for postal duty: "A network of camel stations was established under the Abbasids and continued under the Buyid and Samanid successor regimes." [1]

[1]: (Irwin 2010, 152) Robert Irwin. 2010. Camel. Reaktion Books. London.


276 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred Expert -
Present in preceding and succeeding polities.
277 Parthian Empire I present Confident Expert -
Camels in supply train at Carrhae. [1] "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2] "There is evidence that Parthian archers also used camels on occasion, which had great stamina and gave a good advantage point from which to fire, but their effectiveness was limited due to their soft feet, which would quickly become injured walking on the debris of a battlefield." [3] Parthians used some archers mounted on camels. [2]

[1]: (Debevoise 1938, 86) Debevoise, Neilson C. 1938. A Political History of Parthia. University of Chicago Press Chicago. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/political_history_parthia.pdf

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Penrose 2008, 221) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.


278 Parthian Empire II present Confident Expert -
Camels in supply train at Carrhae. [1] "There is evidence that Parthian archers also used camels on occasion, which had great stamina and gave a good advantage point from which to fire, but their effectiveness was limited due to their soft feet, which would quickly become injured walking on the debris of a battlefield." [2]

[1]: (Debevoise 1938, 86) Debevoise, Neilson C. 1938. A Political History of Parthia. University of Chicago Press Chicago. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/political_history_parthia.pdf

[2]: (Penrose 2008, 221) Penrose, Jane. 2008. Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing.


279 Qajar present Confident Expert -
Mules, horses and camels used for transportation. [1] Qajars used the zanburak [2] (a gun mounted on a camel).

[1]: (Ward 2014, 71) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC.

[2]: (Ward 2014, 65) Steven R Ward. 2014. Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. Washington DC.


280 Sasanid Empire II present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: (Farrokh 2005, 3-27) Farrokh, Kevah. 2005. Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642. Osprey Publishing.


281 Seleucids present Confident Expert -
Camel archers at Magnesia. [1] "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2]

[1]: (Serrati 2013, 192) Serrati, J. in Campbell B and Tritle LA. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford University Press.

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


282 Seljuk Sultanate present Inferred Expert -
May have been used as pack animals as camels were present for postal duty during Buyid and Samanid times: "A network of camel stations was established under the Abbasids and continued under the Buyid and Samanid successor regimes." [1] "The camel was the favorite mount of the Turkish founders of the Seljuk..." [2]

[1]: (Irwin 2010, 152) Robert Irwin. 2010. Camel. Reaktion Books. London.

[2]: David Levinson. Karen Christensen. eds. 2002. Encyclopedia of modern Asia, Volume 1. Charles Scribner’s Sons. p.428


283 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident Expert -
Bedouin camel troops were used as auxiliaries in North Africa and in the Middle East
284 Saadi Sultanate present Confident Expert -
[1]

[1]: M. García-Arenal, Ahmad Al-Mansur: The beginnings of modern Morocco (2009), p. 57


285 Segou Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Inferred from the presence of camels in previous and subsequent polities in Niger Inland Delta. "As well as horses, there was some use of camels by the armies of the West and Central Sudan. ... They supplanted, or more probably supplemented, the droves of oxen, ponies, mules, and donkeys previously used for transport in Borno ... Camels were also well-adapted to scouting and skirmishing in the desert and semi-desert parts of the region as well as to carrying baggage ..." [1] Mercenaries?: "the desert Taureg were sought-after allies in the wars of the Sudan." [1] Seems unlikely, unless used as mercenaries.

[1]: (Smith 1989, 91) Robert Sydney Smith. 1989. Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa. Second Edition. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.


286 Mongol Empire present Inferred Expert -
Possibly used in warfare as pack animals. [1]

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)


287 Xianbei Confederation present Confident Expert -
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Although this is an earlier code for the Xiongnu, the Xianbei had taken over most of the Xiongnu lands and there is no reason why the animals would no longer be in Orkhon valley or used by an extremely similar culture: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land." [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


288 Early Xiongnu present Inferred Expert 700 BCE 300 BCE
Coded as inferred present as it is a later source, but due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 " [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


289 Late Xiongnu present Confident Expert -
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land." [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


290 Himyar I present Confident Expert -
Infantry rode to battle on camel then dismounted for combat. The poor rode pillion [1]

[1]: (Syvanne 2015, 134) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.


291 Himyar II present Confident Expert -
Infantry rode to battle on camel then dismounted for combat. The poor rode pillion [1]

[1]: (Syvanne 2015, 134) Ilkka Syvanne. 2015. Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. Barnsley.


292 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation present Confident Expert -
Coded as present, due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state "Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi. They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land." [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


293 Later Wagadu Empire present Inferred Expert -
"Berber-speaking forebears of the present-day Tuareg are believed to have introduced camels to the Saharan trade routes, sometime between the second and fifth centuries AD... Camels extended both the volume and the radius of trade." "The Sanhaja people of the Western Sahara acquired large numbers of camels by the fourth and fifth centuries." [1]

[1]: (Conrad 2010, 30)


294 Middle Wagadu Empire present Inferred Expert -
"Berber-speaking forebears of the present-day Tuareg are believed to have introduced camels to the Saharan trade routes, sometime between the second and fifth centuries AD... Camels extended both the volume and the radius of trade." "The Sanhaja people of the Western Sahara acquired large numbers of camels by the fourth and fifth centuries." [1]

[1]: (Conrad 2010, 30)


295 Indo-Greek Kingdom present Inferred Expert -
Baggage or cavalry. "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


296 Byzantine Empire I present Confident Expert -
Used as pack animals in Cappadocia. [1]

[1]: (Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication


297 Byzantine Empire II present Inferred Expert -
For TrByzM1 we had the comment: "Used as pack animals in Cappadocia." [1] Sometimes used as pack animal in the context of warfare?

[1]: (Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Personal Communication


298 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period present Inferred Expert 800 BCE
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare [1] - but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2] If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [3] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [4] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [5] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [6] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km. [7] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


299 Koktepe II present Inferred Expert -
Due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. It may be a later Chinese account about Steppe Nomads along the silk road, but this is close to Sogdiana and can be used to infer about the Steppe Nomad culture: Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 " [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


300 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Inferred Expert -
Ghaznavids, another Turkish-Islamic dynasty in Central Asia 977-1186 CE, used elephants and camels. [1] Used extensively in caliphate armies. [2]

[1]: (Bloom and Blair eds. 2009, 108) Johnathan M Bloom. Sheila S Blair. eds. 2009. Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. Volume I. Abarquh To Dawlat Qatar. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[2]: Kennedy, the Armies of the Caliphs


301 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident Expert -
Camels used by Umayyad armies. [1]

[1]: (Kennedy 2001)


302 Ottoman Emirate present Confident Uncertain Expert 1326 CE 1402 CE
later, yes. [1]

[1]: Personal communication. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller. 2016. Institute for Medieval Research. Division of Byzantine Research. Austrian Academy of Sciences.


303 Ottoman Empire III present Confident Expert -
Used for transport. [1]

[1]: (Turnbull 2003, 21)


304 Rum Sultanate present Confident Expert -
"The Turcomans of Central Asia made use of the two-humped Bactrian camel, which in the Iranian borderlands was often crossed with the female Arabian dromedary to give a more adaptable stock for varied climates. However, it must be borne in mind that neither the Bactrian nor the Arabian camel is a fighting animal. It may be a source of milk or hair, but its principal function is as a baggage carrier." [1] For baggage.

[1]: (Cahen 2001, 77) Claude Cahen. P M Holt trans. 2001. The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Routledge. London.


305 Ancient Khwarazm present Inferred Expert -
"Cattle and particularly ovicaprids, horses and Bactrian camels were reared." [1] "The cults of Khorezm are also evidenced by figurines of the horse and camel." [1] Probably used as pack animals.

[1]: (Kuzʹmina 2007, 238) J P Mallory ed. Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. Leiden.


306 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
We are unsure whether camels were present in the South of the peninsula at the time. We have assumed so for the time being, but more detail is needed.
307 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred Expert -
Code inferred from Ayyubid Sultanate [1] which occupied Yemen between 1175-1128 CE.

[1]: D Nicolle. 1986. Saladin and the Saracens. Osprey Publishing Ltd. Oxford.


308 Sabaean Commonwealth present Confident Expert -
"Battle-scenes". found in"Assurbanipal’s palace at Nineveh". depict"The battle between Assurbanipal and the Arabian queen Adiya in 650 BC". in which Adiya’s"Camel-riders [...] are armed with bow and arrows". [1]

[1]: (Jung 1994: 242-243) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/UR2Z7N3W.


309 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Confident Expert -
Camels used for carrying military supplies [1] "The said sultan also takes with his army five thousand camels laden with tents, all of cotton and also ropes of cotton ".^ [2]

[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 65-66 , Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/

[2]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 111-113, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/


310 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident Expert -
-
311 Republic of Venice III unknown Suspected Expert -
-
312 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected Expert 1300 BCE 801 BCE
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare [1] - but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2] If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [3] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [4] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [5] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [6] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km. [7] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


313 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
314 Shiwei unknown Suspected Expert -
-
315 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
316 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected Expert 1300 BCE 701 BCE
Coded as inferred present as it is a later source, but due to all the domestic animals being owned by a household, in which all males were nomadic warriors and would very likely have used domestic animals as pack animals. Sima’s records state " Most of their domestic animals are horses, cows, sheep, and they also have rare animals such as camels, donkeys, mules, hinnies and other equines known as t’ao-t’u and tien-hsi.53 They move about according to the availability of water and pasture, have no walled towns or fixed residences, nor any agricultural activities, but each of them has a portion of land.54 " [1]

[1]: Nicola Di Cosmo. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, p. 272


317 Tabal Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
Bactrian Camels’ first used in battle 853 BC by the nearby Assyrians, but no evidence of use in Tabal [1]

[1]: Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xvi


318 Sogdiana - City-States Period unknown Suspected Expert -
Some of the Afrasiab paintings represent the bridal ceremony of a princess coming from the Chaganiyan region in order to marry a Samarkand ruler. The paintings include "maids of honour on horseback, two envoys on camels, holding sceptres denoting their mission" [1] Camels were thus deemed appropriate mounts, and could possibly have been used for warfare?

[1]: (Frumkin 1970, 124)


319 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected Expert 799 BCE 500 BCE
Skeletal remains of camels found, but it is not clear that they were used in warfare [1] - but at least from the time of war elephants had been developed camels could have been used to carry baggage? "Bactrian camels began to be used for cavalry between 500 and 100 BC." [2] If "the first archaeologically recognizable, large post-Indus urban settlements are not earlier than the fifth century BC ... solidly visible states ... appear in a sudden profusion in the late first millennium B.C." [3] - who was king Stabrobates of India who used war elephants against a queen of Assyria (considered Shammuramat?) in the 9th century BCE? [4] One could infer king Stabrobates, if not based there himself, must have subdued and controlled the Kachi Plain region in order to invade Mesopotamia from ’India’. (Another source says Assyria invaded India and were driven out of Pakistan and India). [5] Diodorus Siculus says this too, queen Semiramis was based in Bactra (Bactria?). [6] If king Stabrobates’s polity controlled the Kachi Plain then we must code the according to the military technology he possessed. Note: one military historian estimates that the Assyrian army had a strategic range of 2000 km. [7] which places the Indus region in reach of their forces.

[1]: Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to E. Cioni, Feb 2017

[2]: (Mayor 2014, 290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[3]: (Ahmed 2014, 64) Mukhtar Ahmed. 2014. Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History: Volume V: The End of the Harappan Civilization, and the Aftermath. Foursome Group.

[4]: (Mayor 2014, 289) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

[5]: (Kistler 2007, 18) John M Kistler. 2007. War Elephants. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln.

[6]: Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Complete Works of Diodorus Siculus. Delphi Classics.

[7]: (Gabriel 2002, 9) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.


320 Phrygian Kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
Bactrian Camels’ first used in battle 853 BC by the nearby Assyrians, but no evidence of use in Tabal [1]

[1]: Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xvi


321 Early Dynastic unknown Confident Expert -
-
322 Gupta Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
323 Yisrael unknown Confident Expert -
-
324 Late Mongols unknown Suspected Expert -
-
325 Eastern Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
326 Mali Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
327 Andronovo unknown Suspected Expert -
-
328 Elam - Igihalkid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


329 Elam - Shutrukid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


330 Elam II unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


331 Elam III unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


332 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
333 Elam - Kidinuid Period unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


334 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected Expert -
-
335 Chalcolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected Expert -
Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts.
336 Elam - Shimashki Period unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


337 Elam - Crisis Period unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


338 Hmong - Late Qing unknown Suspected Expert -
we need expert input in order to code this variable
339 Neolithic Yemen unknown Confident Expert -
It is unclear whether camel remains found at relevant sites prior to the first millennium BCE come from domesticated or wild animals. [1]

[1]: (A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)


340 Elam I unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


341 Elam - Early Sukkalmah unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


342 Elam - Late Sukkalmah unknown Suspected Expert -
The Achaemenids used donkeys (e.g. Darius III) and camels (e.g. Cyrus I) in their baggage train. [1]

[1]: (Mayor 2014, 289-290) Adrienne Mayor. Animals in Warfare. Gordon Lindsay Campbell. ed. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


343 Rashtrakuta Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
Inferred from the fact that only the use of horses and elephants is mentioned in Ramachandra Murthy’s overview of Rashtrakuta military organisation. [1]

[1]: N.S. Ramachandra Murthy, Military Administration of the Rashtrakutas in the Telugu Country, in B.R. Gopal, The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (1994), p. 116


344 Republic of Venice IV unknown Suspected Expert -
-
345 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected Expert -
Sources do not mention elephant remains in descriptions of relevant archaeological contexts.
346 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms unknown Suspected Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


347 Deccan - Iron Age unknown Suspected Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] Were camels used in the Deccan region of India?

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


348 Chalukyas of Kalyani unknown Suspected Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] At its maximum extent the Western Chalukya Empire stretches quite north, close to camel habitat.

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


349 Kingdom of Ayodhya unknown Suspected Expert -
In ancient India the buffalo, bullock, yak, goat, camel, elephant, horse, ass and the mule were all used for transport [1] [2] in different regions according to local conditions. [2] Were camels used in this region as pack animals?

[1]: (Mishra 1987, 83) Kamal Kishore Mishra. 1987. Police Administration in Ancient India. Mittal Publications. Delhi.

[2]: Prakash Charan Prasad. 1977. Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.


350 Canaan unknown Confident Expert -
While camels were definitely used in mounted combat during the Iron Age, their use during the Bronze Age has little attestation, and none in military contexts.
351 Yemen - Late Bronze Age unknown Suspected Expert -
It is unclear whether camel remains found at relevant sites prior to the first millennium BCE come from domesticated or wild animals. [1]

[1]: (A. Sedov: pers. comm. to E. Cioni: September 2019)


352 Samanid Empire unknown Suspected Expert -
-
353 Koktepe I unknown Suspected Expert -
-
354 Khanate of Bukhara unknown Suspected Expert -
-
355 Chagatai Khanate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
356 Khitan I unknown Suspected Expert -
Khitan tomb murals depict "camel-drawn yurt carriages" [1] so it is possible camels could have been used as a pack animal in the context of warfare.

[1]: (Tackett 2017, 46) Nicolas Tackett. 2017. The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.


357 Sarazm unknown Suspected Expert -
-
358 Sind - Samma Dynasty unknown Suspected Expert -
-
359 Kingdom of Lydia unknown Suspected Expert -
Bactrian Camels’ first used in battle 853 BC by the nearby Assyrians, but no evidence of use in Tabal [1]

[1]: Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). Soldiers’ Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xvi


360 Bamana kingdom unknown Suspected Expert -
"As well as horses, there was some use of camels by the armies of the West and Central Sudan. ... They supplanted, or more probably supplemented, the droves of oxen, ponies, mules, and donkeys previously used for transport in Borno ... Camels were also well-adapted to scouting and skirmishing in the desert and semi-desert parts of the region as well as to carrying baggage ..." [1] Mercenaries?: "the desert Taureg were sought-after allies in the wars of the Sudan." [1] Seems unlikely, unless used as mercenaries.

[1]: (Smith 1989, 91) Robert Sydney Smith. 1989. Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-colonial West Africa. Second Edition. The University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.


361 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-
362 Second Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected Expert -
-