Section: Armor
Variable: Leather Cloth (All coded records)
The absence or presence of leather_cloth as a military technology used in warfare. For example, leather cuirass, quilted cotton armor  
Leather Cloth
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Medang Kingdom present Inferred 732 CE 1019 CE
Based on the fact that the Borobudur reliefs depict armour but do not specify which kinds - these were the types used later. [1] Old Mataram was a ’highly Indianized culture’ until it was replaced by an East Javanese one "that increasingly promoted various elements of the island’s older indigenous traditions." [2] Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include ’armour, shield, helmet’. [3]

[1]: (Draeger 1972, 23)

[2]: (Unesco 2005, 233) Unesco. 2005. The Restoration of Borobudur. Unesco.

[3]: (Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.


2 Neo-Babylonian Empire present Inferred 626 BCE 539 BCE
Present in previous and subsequent polities.
3 Kingdom of Ayodhya present Inferred 64 BCE 34 CE
Raw hide was used on shields. [1] Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions armour made from iron, skins, hoofs and horns.(Book II, The Duties of Government Superintendents"). Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions a head covering called sirastrana but not the material it was made from (Book II, The Duties of Government Superintendents").

[1]: (Egerton 2002, 13) Wilbraham Egerton. 2002 (1880). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Dover Publications, Inc. Mineola.


4 Chalukyas of Badami present Inferred 543 CE 753 CE
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5 Chalukyas of Kalyani present Inferred 973 CE 1189 CE
Kautilya’s Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions "dense structures made of the skin, hooves, and horns/tusks of the river dolphin, rhinocerous, Dhenuka, and cattle" used as armor. [1]

[1]: (Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


6 Ur - Dynasty III present Inferred 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
No evidence has survived for obvious reasons but the presence of shields might indicate use of hide.
7 Kadamba Empire present Inferred 345 CE 550 CE
Kautilya’s Arthasastra, written after 200 BCE, mentions "dense structures made of the skin, hooves, and horns/tusks of the river dolphin, rhinocerous, Dhenuka, and cattle" used as armor. [1]

[1]: (Olivelle 2016, 142-143) Patrick Olivelle trans. 2016. King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya’s Arthasastra. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


8 Elam - Crisis Period present Inferred 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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9 Elymais II present Inferred 25 CE 215 CE
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10 Seljuk Sultanate present Inferred 1037 CE 1157 CE
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11 Elam - Early Sukkalmah present Inferred 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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12 Elam - Late Sukkalmah present Inferred 1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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13 Ashanti Empire present Inferred 1701 CE 1895 CE
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14 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period present Inferred 868 CE 969 CE
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15 Naqada I absent Inferred 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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16 Khanate of Bukhara present Inferred 1599 CE 1747 CE
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17 Erligang present Inferred 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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18 Erlitou present Inferred 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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19 Jin present Inferred 780 BCE 404 BCE
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20 Northern Song present Inferred 960 CE 1127 CE
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21 Ak Koyunlu present Inferred 1339 CE 1501 CE
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22 Late Shang present Inferred 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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23 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Inferred 1886 CE 1948 CE
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24 Kalingga Kingdom present Inferred 500 CE 732 CE
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25 Funan I absent Inferred 225 CE 540 CE
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26 Funan II absent Inferred 540 CE 640 CE
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27 Saadi Sultanate present Inferred 1554 CE 1659 CE
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28 Bamana kingdom present Inferred 1712 CE 1861 CE
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29 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period present Inferred 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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30 Segou Kingdom present Inferred 1650 CE 1712 CE
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31 Western Turk Khaganate present Inferred 582 CE 630 CE
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32 Khitan I present Inferred 907 CE 1125 CE
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33 Late Mongols present Inferred 1368 CE 1690 CE
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34 Shiwei present Inferred 600 CE 1000 CE
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35 Second Turk Khaganate present Inferred 682 CE 744 CE
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36 Uigur Khaganate present Inferred 745 CE 840 CE
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37 Chenla absent Inferred 550 CE 825 CE
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38 Phoenician Empire present Inferred 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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39 Eastern Turk Khaganate present Inferred 583 CE 630 CE
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40 Yisrael present Inferred 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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41 Rouran Khaganate present Inferred 300 CE 555 CE
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42 Delhi Sultanate present Inferred 1206 CE 1526 CE
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43 Early Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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44 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 400 BCE 101 BCE
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45 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 100 BCE 99 CE
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46 Egypt - Saite Period present Inferred 664 BCE 525 BCE
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47 Hoysala Kingdom present Inferred 1108 CE 1346 CE
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48 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Inferred 1775 CE 1886 CE
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49 Atlantic Complex present Inferred 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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50 Beaker Culture present Inferred 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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51 Yemen - Era of Warlords present Inferred 1038 CE 1174 CE
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52 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Inferred 800 BCE 401 BCE
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53 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty present Inferred 822 CE 1037 CE
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54 Hallstatt B2-3 present Inferred 900 BCE 700 BCE
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55 Hallstatt C present Inferred 700 BCE 600 BCE
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56 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms present Inferred 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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57 Himyar I present Inferred 270 CE 340 CE
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58 Rasulid Dynasty present Inferred 1229 CE 1453 CE
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59 Early Illinois Confederation absent Inferred 1640 CE 1717 CE
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60 Early Dynastic present Inferred 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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61 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Inferred 600 BCE 150 BCE
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62 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Inferred 450 CE 600 CE
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63 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Inferred 150 BCE 300 CE
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64 Himyar II present Inferred 378 CE 525 CE
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65 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Inferred 600 CE 750 CE
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66 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Inferred 300 CE 450 CE
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67 Java - Buni Culture present Inferred 150 CE 500 CE
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68 Ancient Khwarazm present Inferred 1000 BCE 521 BCE
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69 Samanid Empire present Inferred 819 CE 999 CE
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70 Kediri Kingdom present Inferred 1049 CE 1222 CE
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71 Majapahit Kingdom present Inferred 1292 CE 1518 CE
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72 Elam - Kidinuid Period present Inferred 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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73 Gahadavala Dynasty present Inferred 1085 CE 1193 CE
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74 Gupta Empire present Inferred 320 CE 550 CE
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75 Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty present Inferred 730 CE 1030 CE
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76 Kampili Kingdom present Inferred 1280 CE 1327 CE
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77 Western Jin present Inferred 265 CE 317 CE
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78 Magadha present Inferred 450 CE 605 CE
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79 Egypt - Kushite Period present Inferred 747 BCE 656 BCE
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80 Rashtrakuta Empire present Inferred 753 CE 973 CE
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81 Elam - Igihalkid Period present Inferred 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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82 Elam - Shutrukid Period present Inferred 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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83 Elam III present Inferred 612 BCE 539 BCE
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84 Kara-Khanids present Inferred 950 CE 1212 CE
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85 Hallstatt D present Inferred 600 BCE 475 BCE
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86 Elam I present Inferred 900 BCE 744 BCE
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87 Elam II present Inferred 743 BCE 647 BCE
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88 Seleucids present Inferred 312 BCE 63 BCE
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89 Elam - Shimashki Period present Inferred 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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90 Safavid Empire present Inferred 1501 CE 1722 CE
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91 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected 2700 BCE 1200 BCE
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92 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected 500 BCE 200 CE
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93 Wari Empire unknown Suspected 650 CE 999 CE
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94 Phrygian Kingdom unknown Suspected 900 BCE 695 BCE
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95 Hallstatt A-B1 unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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96 Longshan unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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97 Tairona unknown Suspected 1050 CE 1524 CE
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98 Oaxaca - San Jose unknown Suspected 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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99 Mahajanapada era unknown Suspected 600 BCE 324 BCE
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100 Neguanje unknown Suspected 250 CE 1050 CE
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101 Oneota unknown Suspected 1400 CE 1650 CE
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102 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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103 Rattanakosin unknown Suspected 1782 CE 1873 CE
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104 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected 1895 CE 1941 CE
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105 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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106 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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107 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
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108 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic unknown Suspected 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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109 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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110 Kingdom of Lydia unknown Suspected 670 BCE 546 BCE
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111 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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112 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic unknown Suspected 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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113 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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114 Elam - Awan Dynasty I unknown Suspected 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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115 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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116 Formative Period unknown Suspected 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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117 Susiana A unknown Suspected 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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118 Susiana B unknown Suspected 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
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119 Susiana - Late Ubaid unknown Suspected 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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120 Susiana - Early Ubaid unknown Suspected 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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121 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period unknown Suspected 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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122 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic unknown Suspected 9600 BCE 7000 BCE
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123 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period unknown Suspected 1600 BCE 1301 BCE
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124 Tabal Kingdoms unknown Suspected 900 BCE 730 BCE
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125 Pre-Ceramic Period unknown Suspected 7800 BCE 7200 BCE
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126 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1637 CE 1805 CE
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127 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I unknown Suspected 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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128 Prepalatial Crete unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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129 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 701 BCE
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130 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II unknown Suspected 2100 BCE 1800 BCE
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131 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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132 Susa I unknown Suspected 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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133 Susa II unknown Suspected 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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134 Susa III unknown Suspected 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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135 Monte Alban Late I unknown Suspected 300 BCE 100 BCE
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136 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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137 Oaxaca - Rosario unknown Suspected 700 BCE 500 BCE
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138 Hawaii I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1200 CE
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139 Yangshao unknown Suspected 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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140 Hawaii II unknown Suspected 1200 CE 1580 CE
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141 Early Monte Alban I unknown Suspected 500 BCE 300 BCE
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142 Shuar - Ecuadorian unknown Suspected 1831 CE 1931 CE
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143 Monte Alban II unknown Suspected 100 BCE 200 CE
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144 Monte Alban III unknown Suspected 200 CE 500 CE
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145 Ubaid unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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146 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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147 Monte Alban IIIB and IV unknown Suspected 500 CE 900 CE
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148 Java - Buni Culture unknown Suspected 400 BCE 149 CE
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149 Sarazm unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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150 Zungharian Empire unknown Suspected 1670 CE 1757 CE
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151 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1250 CE
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152 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II unknown Suspected 1250 CE 1400 CE
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153 Asuka present Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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154 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama present Confident 1568 CE 1603 CE
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155 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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156 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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157 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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158 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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159 Kansai - Kofun Period present Confident 250 CE 537 CE
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160 Tokugawa Shogunate present Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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161 Kansai - Yayoi Period present Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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162 Early Angkor present Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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163 Late Angkor present Confident 1220 CE 1432 CE
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164 Khmer Kingdom present Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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165 Andronovo present Confident 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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166 Mali Empire present Confident 1230 CE 1410 CE
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167 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident 1200 CE 1426 CE
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168 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty present Confident 1493 CE 1591 CE
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169 Early Xiongnu present Confident 700 BCE 300 BCE
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170 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation present Confident 209 BCE 60 BCE
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171 Later Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
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172 Later Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 1078 CE 1203 CE
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173 Middle Wagadu Empire present Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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174 Middle Wagadu Empire absent Confident Uncertain 700 CE 1077 CE
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175 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident 650 CE 899 CE
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176 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I unknown Confident 200 CE 499 CE
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177 Inca Empire present Confident 1375 CE 1532 CE
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178 Indo-Greek Kingdom present Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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179 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident 1800 BCE 1700 BCE
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180 Sind - Samma Dynasty present Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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181 Sakha - Early present Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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182 Sakha - Late present Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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183 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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184 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II present Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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185 Byzantine Empire I present Confident 632 CE 866 CE
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186 Byzantine Empire II present Confident 867 CE 1072 CE
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187 Byzantine Empire III present Confident 1073 CE 1204 CE
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188 Late Cappadocia present Confident 330 BCE 16 CE
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189 East Roman Empire present Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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190 Hatti - Old Kingdom present Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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191 Lysimachus Kingdom present Confident 323 BCE 281 BCE
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192 Ottoman Emirate present Confident 1299 CE 1402 CE
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193 Ottoman Empire II present Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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194 Roman Empire - Dominate present Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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195 Rum Sultanate present Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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196 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident 1200 CE 1275 CE
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197 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early present Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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198 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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199 Chagatai Khanate present Confident 1263 CE 1402 CE
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200 Koktepe II present Confident 750 BCE 550 BCE
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201 Timurid Empire present Confident 1370 CE 1526 CE
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202 Kidarite Kingdom present Confident 388 CE 477 CE
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203 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Confident 1454 CE 1517 CE
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204 Jin Dynasty present Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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205 Great Yuan present Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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206 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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207 Final Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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208 Geometric Crete present Confident 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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209 Monopalatial Crete present Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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210 New Palace Crete present Confident 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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211 Postpalatial Crete present Confident 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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212 Hephthalites present Confident 408 CE 561 CE
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213 Eastern Han Empire present Confident 25 CE 220 CE
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214 Great Ming present Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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215 Early Qing present Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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216 Sui Dynasty present Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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217 Tang Dynasty II present Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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218 Ayyubid Sultanate present Confident 1171 CE 1250 CE
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219 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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220 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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221 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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222 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period present Confident 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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223 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon present Confident 1660 CE 1815 CE
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224 Carolingian Empire I present Confident 752 CE 840 CE
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225 La Tene B2-C1 present Confident 325 BCE 175 BCE
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226 Archaic Crete present Confident 710 BCE 500 BCE
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227 Classical Crete present Confident 500 BCE 323 BCE
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228 Hellenistic Crete present Confident 323 BCE 69 BCE
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229 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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230 Papal States - Early Modern Period I present Confident 1527 CE 1648 CE
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231 Papal States - Early Modern Period II absent Confident 1648 CE 1809 CE
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232 Exarchate of Ravenna present Confident 568 CE 751 CE
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233 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity present Confident 395 CE 476 CE
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234 Republic of St Peter I present Confident 711 CE 904 CE
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235 Mataram Sultanate present Confident 1568 CE 1755 CE
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236 Canaan present Confident 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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237 Kannauj - Varman Dynasty present Confident 650 CE 780 CE
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238 Mughal Empire present Confident 1526 CE 1858 CE
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239 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident 750 CE 946 CE
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240 Abbasid Caliphate II present Confident 1191 CE 1258 CE
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241 Akkadian Empire present Confident 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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242 Sasanid Empire I present Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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243 Icelandic Commonwealth present Confident 930 CE 1262 CE
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244 Latium - Iron Age present Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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245 Ostrogothic Kingdom present Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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246 Early Roman Republic unknown Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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247 Late Roman Republic present Confident 133 BCE 31 BCE
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248 Jenne-jeno I absent Confident 250 BCE 49 CE
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249 Jenne-jeno II absent Confident 50 CE 399 CE
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250 Jenne-jeno III absent Confident 400 CE 899 CE
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251 Jenne-jeno IV present Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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252 Jenne-jeno IV absent Confident Uncertain 900 CE 1300 CE
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253 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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254 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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255 Heian present Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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256 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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257 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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258 Warring States Japan present Confident 1467 CE 1568 CE
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259 Early Mongols present Confident 1000 CE 1206 CE
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260 Xianbei Confederation present Confident 100 CE 250 CE
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261 Late Xiongnu present Confident 60 BCE 100 CE
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262 Monte Alban V present Confident 900 CE 1520 CE
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263 Toltecs present Confident 900 CE 1199 CE
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264 Kingdom of Norway II present Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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265 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Confident 500 CE 649 CE
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266 Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period present Confident 854 CE 1193 CE
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267 Koktepe I present Confident 1400 BCE 1000 BCE
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268 Durrani Empire present Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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269 Ghur Principality present Confident 1025 CE 1215 CE
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270 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom present Confident 256 BCE 125 BCE
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271 Kushan Empire present Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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272 Tocharians present Confident 129 BCE 29 CE
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273 Ayutthaya present Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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274 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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275 Hatti - New Kingdom present Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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276 Ottoman Empire I present Confident 1402 CE 1517 CE
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277 Ottoman Empire III present Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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278 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident 1055 CE 1199 CE
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279 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late present Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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280 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident 900 CE 1049 CE
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281 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident 1275 CE 1400 CE
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282 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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283 Sogdiana - City-States Period present Confident 604 CE 711 CE
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284 Hmong - Late Qing present Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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285 Northern Wei present Confident 386 CE 534 CE
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286 Peiligang absent Confident 7000 BCE 5001 BCE
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287 Late Qing present Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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288 Tang Dynasty I present Confident 617 CE 763 CE
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289 Early Wei Dynasty present Confident 445 BCE 225 BCE
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290 Western Han Empire present Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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291 Western Zhou present Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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292 Shuar - Colonial present Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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293 Badarian absent Confident 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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294 Middle Merovingian present Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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295 La Tene A-B1 present Confident 475 BCE 325 BCE
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296 Egypt - Dynasty I present Confident 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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297 Egypt - Dynasty II present Confident 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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298 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident 1412 CE 1517 CE
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299 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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300 Egypt - Middle Kingdom present Confident 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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301 Naqada II present Confident 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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302 Egypt - Dynasty 0 present Confident 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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303 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom present Confident 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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304 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom present Confident 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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305 La Tene C2-D present Confident 175 BCE 27 BCE
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306 Egypt - Period of the Regions present Confident 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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307 Spanish Empire I present Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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308 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon present Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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309 Proto-French Kingdom present Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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310 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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311 Carolingian Empire II present Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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312 Early Merovingian present Confident 481 CE 543 CE
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313 Proto-Carolingian present Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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314 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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315 French Kingdom - Late Valois present Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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316 Akan - Pre-Ashanti present Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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317 The Emirate of Crete present Confident 824 CE 961 CE
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318 Hawaii III absent Confident 1580 CE 1778 CE
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319 Iban - Pre-Brooke present Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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320 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial present Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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321 Mongol Empire present Confident 1206 CE 1368 CE
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322 Yehuda present Confident 141 BCE 63 BCE
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323 Deccan - Iron Age present Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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324 Post-Mauryan Kingdoms present Confident 205 BCE 101 BCE
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325 Dynasty of E present Confident 979 BCE 732 BCE
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326 Early A'chik present Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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327 Second Dynasty of Isin present Confident 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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328 Magadha - Maurya Empire present Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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329 Satavahana Empire present Confident 100 BCE 200 CE
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330 Magadha - Sunga Empire present Confident 187 BCE 65 BCE
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331 Vakataka Kingdom present Confident 255 CE 550 CE
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332 Ilkhanate present Confident 1256 CE 1339 CE
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333 Nara Kingdom present Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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334 Vijayanagara Empire present Confident 1336 CE 1646 CE
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335 Bazi Dynasty present Confident 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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336 Isin-Larsa present Confident 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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337 Neo-Assyrian Empire present Confident 911 BCE 612 BCE
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338 Achaemenid Empire present Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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339 Buyid Confederation present Confident 932 CE 1062 CE
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340 Parthian Empire I present Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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341 Parthian Empire II present Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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342 Qajar present Confident 1794 CE 1925 CE
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343 Sasanid Empire II present Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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344 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident 904 CE 1198 CE
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345 Papal States - High Medieval Period present Confident 1198 CE 1309 CE
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346 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident 1378 CE 1527 CE
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347 Middle Roman Republic present Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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348 Roman Empire - Principate present Confident 31 BCE 284 CE
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349 Roman Kingdom present Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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350 Kamakura Shogunate present Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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351 Republic of Venice III present Confident 1204 CE 1563 CE
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352 Classical Angkor present Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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353 Republic of Venice IV present Confident 1564 CE 1797 CE
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354 Ashikaga Shogunate present Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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