| # | Polity | Coded Value | Tags | Year(s) | Edit | Desc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
|
||||||
|
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Mohist catapults used during the Warring States period, they were "based on the lever principle, which was already a known concept and in wide use as in the counterbalanced bucket."
[1]
Note: use of gravity makes it sling? "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Liang) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
No discussion in literature of this. In this case it is evidence of absence since this is in line with logical expectations for this late-complexity society.
|
||||||
|
the sources mention machetes, rifles and arrows but to the best of our knowledge no other weapons were used at the time
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not present during this time period
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
|
||||||
|
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
|
||||||
|
Byzantines or perhaps Chinese first used gravity-powered sling machines.
|
||||||
|
First historically known sling siege engines used by the Byzantine Empire.
|
||||||
|
Byzantines, or perhaps the Chinese, were the first.
|
||||||
|
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet.
[1]
Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered?
[2]
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[3]
[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184 [2]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing. [3]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine.
[1]
[1]: Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538 |
||||||
|
Counter-weight trebuchet first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet.
[1]
Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered?
[2]
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[3]
[1]: Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184 [2]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing. [3]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
First known use during Byzantine Empire.
|
||||||
|
"A fragment of a wall painting depicting the use of a traction trebuchet at the siege of Penjikent (700-725) in modern Tajikistan. This unique painting is contemporary with Tang China, displaying how the traction trebuchet was used along the Silk Road."
[1]
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
traction trebuchets were powered by human muscle not gravity. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai."
[1]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai."
[1]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
||||||
|
No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
|
||||||
|
traction trebuchets were not gravity powered like the counter-weight trebuchet.
|
||||||
|
traction trebuchets were powered by human muscle not gravity. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai."
[1]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
trebuchets used were not gravity powered counter-weight trebuchets. "Japan appears never to have adopted the counterweight trebuchet, making the leap direct from traction trebuchets to cannon, although even these saw little use until the very end of the age of the samurai."
[1]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2007 [1979]) discusses the royal army and its weapons examining the bas-reliefs of three temples: Angkor Wat, the Bayon, and Banteay Chhmar. The bas-reliefs of Agkor Wat depict the conquests of Suryavarman II (1113-c. 1150 CE), while those at the Bayon and Banteay Chhmar depict the conquests of Jayavarman VII (1181-c. 1218 CE). Thus, the detailed bas-reliefs of these three temples allows the scholar to examine Khmer military history spanning roughly one hundred years. Unfortunately, Jacq-Hergoualc’h does not make explicit (or quantify) the evolutionary changes over this time period. The earlier military technology at Angkor Wat depicts ’the most basic weapons, essentially lances, bows and arrows, and bucklers, sometimes in tandem with breastplates’ (Jacq-Hergoualc’h 2007: 173). As noted by Coe (2003: 186), ’[f]ar more sophisticated armament is to be seen on the Bayon and at Banteay Chhmar, especially among the infantry. This includes the ballista, mounted either on elephant back or on a wheeled vehicle that could be rolled onto the field of battle [...].’ According to Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2007: 35), none of these ’big machines’ are present on the bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat, the construction of which (c. 1113-1145 CE) pre-dates the great battles with the Chams during the reign of Jayavarman VII (beginning in c. 1181 CE). Furthermore, the emphasis on horses diminished and chariots were abandoned in favor of a more developed and elaborate corps of elephants surrounded by infantry.
|
||||||
|
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
. However, it is noted that Khitan were involved in sieges: "The Khitan first attacked Goryeo in 993 with subsequent invasions following in 1010 and 1018, all ending in defeat. One of the major battle sites was Heunghwajin. The Khitan laid siege to the fortress there three times...".
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: Michael D. Shin (ed.), Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 42 |
||||||
|
The propulsion mechanism of Mongolian siege engines utilized tension not gravity until "the extent of the Mongol conquests allowed them to bring new siege weapons to China, of which the most important was the Muslim counterweight trebuchet, first used at Xiangyang in 1272."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Complex military technology was not present in the Valley of Oaxaca until after the Spanish conquest in the 1520s.
[1]
[1]: Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York. |
||||||
|
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
|
||||||
|
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
|
||||||
|
Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
|
||||||
|
This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
|
||||||
|
Inferred from the fact that tension siege engines do not feature among the "personal weapons" mentioned in Charney’s
[1]
comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century, or indeed in his descriptions of sieges where the Thai were the attackers.
[1]: (Charney 2004) |
||||||
|
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet.
[1]
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[2]
[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833]) [2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet.
[1]
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[2]
[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833]) [2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet.
[1]
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[2]
[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833]) [2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Sources only mention bows and arrows, muskets, war-clubs, knives, and hatchets
[1]
. It should be noted that sources that specifically describe the way the Illinois Confederation waged war are relatively rare.
[1]: Illinois State Museum, The Illinois, Technology: Weapons (2000), http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_houses.html |
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
-
|
||||||
|
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similar to the Western Trebuchet.
[2]
but the Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered.
[3]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Kennedy 2001, 184) Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy [3]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similar to the Western Trebuchet.
[2]
but the Manjaniq was man-powered not gravity powered.
[3]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Kennedy 2001, 184) Hugh N Kennedy. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SGPPFNAZ/q/kennedy [3]: (Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
first known use of gravity powered siege engine was under Byzantines, just under two thousand years after this period.
|
||||||
|
first known use of gravity powered siege engine was under Byzantines, just under two thousand years after this period.
|
||||||
|
the sources mention machetes, rifles and arrows but to the best of our knowledge no other weapons were used at the time
|
||||||
|
not yet invented
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not present during this time period
|
||||||
|
not yet invented
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
not present during this time period
|
||||||
|
gravity-powered counter-weight trebuchet first used by Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
not invented at this time
|
||||||
|
not yet developed
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
|
||||||
|
Absent in previous and subsequent periods.
|
||||||
|
Not mentioned in the literature.
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||||||
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature.
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Not mentioned in the literature RA.
|
||||||
|
Not known outside of China until the 6th Century CE.
|
||||||
|
First historically known sling siege engines used by the Byzantine Empire.
|
||||||
|
Byzantines, or perhaps the Chinese, were the first.
|
||||||
|
First used by the Byzantines or perhaps the Chinese.
|
||||||
|
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
|
||||||
|
First used by the Byzantines or perhaps the Chinese.
|
||||||
|
Much later, Byzantines or possibly Chinese were the first to use sling siege engines
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
||||||
|
First known use during Byzantine Empire.
|
||||||
|
Not invented yet
|
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-
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First known use during Byzantine Empire.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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No archaeological evidence for this. Moreover, the scholarly consensus is that the Jomon were relatively peaceful.
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Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
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Catapults were not gravity powered.
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No references in the literature. RA.
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No references in the literature.
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Although there is no information on the warfare of this period, it is highly unlikely the resources were available for this technology.
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This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
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This technology is not known to have been developed anywhere in the Americas before European colonization.
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not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
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not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor
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not yet developed
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Not invented yet
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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Not invented yet
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Not invented yet
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Not invented yet
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
|
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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Not invented yet
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Not invented yet
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Not invented yet
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The counter-weight trebuchet was first used by the Byzantines in 1165 CE.
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The last Yuan emperor Toghon Temur returned to Mongolia and established the capital of his new Mongol state ("which extended from Manchuria to Kyrgystan") at Karakorum. At that time the MilTech codes would be the same as for the preceding Yuan China. Over the next decades the state lost territory and there was civil war at the start of the 15th century although in 1409 CE they still managed to rout a very large invading Ming army. The Ming attacked again but the Mongols were not conquered. Under an Oirat noble called Esen (1440-1455 CE) they invaded China in 1449 CE with 20,000 cavalry and captured the Ming emperor. In 1451 CE Esen overthrew the Mongol Khan but he wasn’t a direct descendent of Genghis Khan and was killed during a 1455 CE rebellion. His rule was followed by minor Khans who ruled a Mongolia in which the Khalkhas were one of three ’left-flank’ tumens (in addition to Chahars and Uriangqais). The state also had ’right-flank’ tumens (Ordos, Tumeds, Yunshebus) and the Oirats of western Mongolia. "These 6 tumens were major administrative units, often called ulus tumens (princedoms), comprising the 40 lesser tumens of the military-administrative type inherited from the Yuan period, each of which was reputedly composed of 10,000 cavalry troops ..."
[1]
The narrative suggests at least for 1400 CE and 1500 CE the army was cavalry based and in continuity with the preceding Yuan. The Yuan Dyansty is coded present for sling siege engines. "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Ishjamts 2003, 208-211) N Ishjamts. 2003. The Mongols. Chahryar Adle. Irfan Habib. Karl M Baipakov. eds. History Of Civilizations Of Central Asia. Volume V. Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO Publishing. Paris. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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Catapults. ’The permanent guard maintained at the capital was probably better. Relief sculpture portrays guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guardians carrying ceremonial weapons, their points protected by covers; sentinels carry lances, swords and shields. Ordinary soldiers carried lances in their right hands and shields in their left. The arsenal included sabres, swords, shields, broadswords, daggers, catapults and other contrivances.’
[1]
[1]: (Mabbett and Chandler 1995, p.157) |
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"Aside from the massive cannon and mortars, a number of more old-fashioned weapons were also present at sieges. Catapults and trebuchets remained in Indian siege trains for decades after Babur’s invasion. A few distinct advantages saved them from immediate obsolescence. They were inexpensive and could be easily broken down for transport and assembled in the field. Like mortars they sent missiles on a high trajectory, ideal for indirect fire. They could also be loaded with ammunition too fragile to be fired from a cannon—gunpowder bombs and canisters of incendiary or caustic chemicals."
[1]
(KB: Added present code as trebuchet is sling siege engine according to codebook)
[1]: (De la Garza 2010, p. 123) |
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"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
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First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
Need to confirm with an expert source whether a scholar named Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi created an "instruction manual" on the counter-weight trebuchet for Saladin (Ayyubid Sultanate) in 1187 CE. It’s logical copies would soon be made of this effective new technology.
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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Mohist catapults used during the Warring States period, they were "based on the lever principle, which was already a known concept and in wide use as in the counterbalanced bucket."
[1]
Note: use of gravity makes it sling? "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Liang) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine.
[1]
[1]: Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538 |
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arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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The propulsion mechanism of Mongolian siege engines utilized tension not gravity until "the extent of the Mongol conquests allowed them to bring new siege weapons to China, of which the most important was the Muslim counterweight trebuchet, first used at Xiangyang in 1272."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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Mangonels used in siege warfare.
[1]
Mongols recruited 1, 000 Chinese catapult operators in 1253.
[2]
[1]: David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia, rev. and updated ed (London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999). p.296 [2]: Findley, Carter V., The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005),p.83. |
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|
Used on ships. "The militarization of naval warfare is also illustrated by the mounting of artillery aboard ship"
[1]
Catapaults Lycopolis (-196bc). Rosetta Stone. Catapults were used. Also studied in Alexandria: Philo; Belopoecca.
[2]
[1]: (Lloyd 2000, 398) [2]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication) |
||||||
|
Used on ships. "The militarization of naval warfare is also illustrated by the mounting of artillery aboard ship"
[1]
Catapaults Lycopolis (-196bc). Rosetta Stone. Catapults were used. Also studied in Alexandria: Philo; Belopoecca.
[2]
[1]: (Lloyd 2000, 398) [2]: (Manning 2015, Personal Communication) |
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|
Counter weight trebuchet almost certainly to have been used by the sieges of Zevgminom 1165 CE and Nicaea 1184 CE. The Byzantine Empire used two types of this trebuchet: bricola (gravity powered, single pole) and tresle-framed, or trebuchet. Helepoleis used at seige Laodicea 1104 CE, at Mylos, Aretai, Durazzo, Kastoria, Apollonias Dristra, Chios, Abydos. Alexios I possibly helped invent the helepolis and counter-weight trebuchet.
[1]
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[2]
[1]: (Chevedden 2000, 75-82 [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833]) [2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Mangonel used to destroy city walls
[1]
Changed to inferred on basis it is unknown if this is a true sling siege engine - but we believe it most likely is. Depending on the design it also might also qualify as a tension siege engine.
[1]: Porter, Venetia Ann (1992) The history and monuments of the Tahirid dynasty of the Yemen 858-923/1454-1517, Durham theses, Durham University, pp. 57-62, Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5867/ |
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|
Coded present as they were used by indigenous forces under British command? Ed.
|
||||||
|
Simon de Montford’s stone throwing trebuchets.
[1]
[2]
First use of the counter-weight trebuchet 1165 CE at Byzantine siege of Zevgminon.
[2]
"The final use of the trebuchet in Europe was probably the siege of Malaga in 1487."(Castile and Aragon vs Emirate of Granada).
[2]
[1]: (Nicolle and McBridge 1991, 15) [2]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Tension siege engines do not feature among the "personal weapons" mentioned in Charney’s
[1]
comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century, or indeed in his descriptions of sieges where the Thai were the attackers. However, previous polity did have sling siege engines.
[1]: (Charney 2004) |
||||||
|
arcuballiste and lever-operated stone-throwing catapults (trebuchets) approaches ..." from Warring States period, and "There was to be very little change in the Chinese art of siege warfare ... until the introduction of gunpowder"
[1]
"Siege equipment mentioned by Ssu-ma Kuang includes artillery, moveable towers, and artificial mounds erected to enable besiegers to shoot over city walls, and scaling ladders."
[2]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[3]
[1]: (Graff 2002, 23) [2]: (Peers 1995, 20) [3]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Catapults. ’The permanent guard maintained at the capital was probably better. Relief sculpture portrays guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guards wearing helmets wrought with elaborate motifs; door guardians carrying ceremonial weapons, their points protected by covers; sentinels carry lances, swords and shields. Ordinary soldiers carried lances in their right hands and shields in their left. The arsenal included sabres, swords, shields, broadswords, daggers, catapults and other contrivances.’
[1]
[1]: (Mabbett and Chandler 1995, p.157) |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
-
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|
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
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|
The siege engines are not fully described in the historical texts, but they were used in battles to throw large balls, naphtha and fireworks.
[1]
[1]: Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The administration of the Sultanate of Delhi (p. 93). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, pp.145-146. |
||||||
|
"As in earlier periods, sophisticated siege equipment was available, including artillery, towers and rams."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Peers 2002, 17) [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
-
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||||||
|
There are no sources on the use of sling siege engines within the Patrimony, but they were in use by Western European armies by 1198.
|
||||||
|
-
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||||||
|
"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi."
[1]
"Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years."
[2]
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. [2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Likely. Ghaznavid and Ghurid armies: "an array of missiles, ’fire-eyed rockets’, slinging and stoning machines which were used in siege operations."
[1]
[1]: (Wink 1997, 90) Andre Wink. 1997. Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume II: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries. BRILL. Leiden. |
||||||
|
we need expert input in order to code this variable
|
||||||
|
we need expert input in order to code this variable
|
||||||
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||||||
|
Were petraries at the Siege of Jerusalem 1187 CE tension or gravity powered? First known use of the counter-weight trebuchet was in 1165 CE by the Byzantines at the siege of Zevgminon.
[1]
Need to confirm with an expert source whether a scholar named Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi created an "instruction manual" on the counter-weight trebuchet for Saladin (Ayyubid Sultanate) in 1187 CE. It’s logical copies would soon be made of this effective new technology.
[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing. |
||||||
|
Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
|
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Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
|
||||||
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No references in the literature.
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Could find no reference to support the presence of siege engines.
|
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