Section: Luxury Goods
Variable: Precious Metal (All coded records)
This variable tracks the role of precious metals as luxury goods in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of precious metals (e.g., gold, silver) used and traded, the geographic regions where these precious metals were sourced, and whether they were consumed or utilized by rulers, elites, or common people. This variable helps analyze the circulation, economic value, and societal implications of precious metals in ancient and historical economies.  

162 Precious Metal Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s)
Early Qing
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Qing
1644 CE  1796 CE
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Aztec Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1427 CE  1526 CE
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Hawaii II
Luxury Precious Metal Absent
Consumption by Ruler Absent
Consumption by Elite Absent
Consumption by Common People Absent
1200 CE  1580 CE
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Hawaii III
Luxury Precious Metal Absent
Consumption by Ruler Absent
Consumption by Elite Absent
Consumption by Common People Absent
1580 CE  1778 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Europe
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1778 CE  1819 CE
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Oneota
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1400 CE  1650 CE
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Ayutthaya
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1593 CE  1767 CE
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Majapahit Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Great Ming Great Yuan
1368 CE 1518 CE
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Mataram Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance present
1568 CE  1755 CE
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Chuuk - Early Truk
Luxury Precious Metal Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance Woleai Guam
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1775 CE  1886 CE
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Chuuk - Late Truk
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Woleai Guam
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1886 CE  1948 CE
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Inca Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Inca Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1375 CE  1532 CE
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Spanish Empire I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Spanish Empire I foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1516 CE  1715 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
100 BCE  200 CE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1714 CE  1848 CE
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Early A'chik
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1775 CE  1867 CE
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Late A'chik
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1867 CE  1956 CE
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Akan - Pre-Ashanti
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Akan - Pre-Ashanti foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1501 CE  1701 CE
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Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
7500 BCE  5500 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
2500 BCE  2100 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1800 BCE  1300 BCE
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Indo-Greek Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Indo-Greek Kingdom foreign
180 BCE  10 BCE
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Kushan Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
35 CE  319 CE
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Hephthalite Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
408 CE  561 CE
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Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
854 CE  1193 CE
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Ghur Principality
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1025 CE  1215 CE
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Delhi Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Delhi Sultanate foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1206 CE  1526 CE
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Sind - Samma Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1335 CE  1521 CE
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Durrani Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1747 CE  1826 CE
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Warring States Japan
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Warring States Japan
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1467 CE  1568 CE
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Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama Spanish Empire I
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1568 CE  1603 CE
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Tokugawa Shogunate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Tokugawa Shogunate
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1603 CE  1868 CE
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Iban - Pre-Brooke
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Java Indonesia China Malaysia
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1841 CE
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Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1841 CE  1987 CE
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Ottoman Empire II
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II
Consumption by Ruler Present
1517 CE  1683 CE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1378 CE  1527 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1527 CE  1648 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1648 CE  1809 CE
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Shuar - Ecuadorian
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1831 CE  1931 CE
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Egypt - Saite Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Saite Period Nubia
Consumption by Ruler Present
664 BCE  525 BCE
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Mali Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mali Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1230 CE  1410 CE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1412 CE  1517 CE
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Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Present
1493 CE  1591 CE
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Jin
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jin
Consumption by Ruler Present
780 BCE  404 BCE
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Qin Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qin Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
338 BCE  207 BCE
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Great Yuan
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1271 CE  1368 CE
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Great Ming
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1368 CE  1644 CE
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Early Merovingian
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
481 CE  543 CE
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Middle Merovingian
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
543 CE  687 CE
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Carolingian Empire I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Abbasid Caliphate I
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
752 CE  840 CE
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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Seleucid Empire
256 BCE  125 BCE
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Ayyubid Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ayyubid Sultanate
Consumption by Ruler Present
1171 CE  1250 CE
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Timurid Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1370 CE  1526 CE
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Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1454 CE  1517 CE
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Safavid Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1501 CE  1722 CE
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Gupta Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Gupta Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
320 CE  550 CE
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Pala Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
750 CE  1174 CE
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Chola Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
849 CE  1280 CE
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Bengal Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1338 CE  1538 CE
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Early Wei Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Wei Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
445 BCE  225 BCE
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Saadi Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
1554 CE  1659 CE
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Segou Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance unclear
1650 CE  1712 CE
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Bamana kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance unclear
Consumption by Ruler Present
1712 CE  1861 CE
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Neguanje
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Neguanje
Consumption by Elite Present
250 CE  1050 CE
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Late Mongols
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Great Ming
1368 CE  1690 CE
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Zungharian Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1670 CE  1757 CE
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Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
Luxury Precious Metal Absent
1734 CE  1883 CE
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Proto-French Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Anglo-Saxon England II Germany
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
987 CE  1150 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1150 CE  1328 CE
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French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1589 CE  1660 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
Luxury Precious Metal Transitional (Present -> Absent)
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Present -> Absent)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1660 CE  1815 CE
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Sarazm
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sarazm
Consumption by Elite Present
3500 BCE  2000 BCE
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Khanate of Bukhara
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Khanate of Bukhara
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1599 CE  1747 CE
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Hmong - Late Qing
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1701 CE  1895 CE
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Hmong - Early Chinese
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
1895 CE  1941 CE
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Qajar Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Russia
1794 CE  1925 CE
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Egypt - Kushite Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Kushite Period foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
747 BCE  656 BCE
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Monte Alban V
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Monte Alban V
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
900 CE  1520 CE
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Cwezi Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1450 CE  1699 CE
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Bito Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Shaba Uvira
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1894 CE
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Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1637 CE  1805 CE
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Republic of Venice IV
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1564 CE  1797 CE
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British Empire I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1690 CE  1849 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1500 BCE  901 BCE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow I
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
100 CE  500 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 BCE  0 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red II and III
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1100 CE  1400 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red IV
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1401 CE  1500 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red I
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
701 CE  1100 CE
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Sape
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sape
1400 CE  1550 CE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow II
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
501 CE  700 CE
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Pandya Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1216 CE  1323 CE
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Kingdom of Jimma
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1790 CE  1932 CE
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Adal Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1375 CE  1543 CE
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Tunni Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
800 CE  1200 CE
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Ajuran Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1250 CE  1700 CE
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Kingdom of Gomma
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1780 CE  1886 CE
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Ifat Sultanate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1280 CE  1375 CE
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Medri Bahri
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1310 CE  1889 CE
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Kingdom of Kaffa
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1390 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Gumma
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1800 CE  1897 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE 1799 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1800 CE 1875 CE
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Allada
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
1100 CE 1669 CE
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Allada
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1670 CE 1724 CE
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Igodomingodo
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1450 CE
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Whydah
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1671 CE  1727 CE
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Oyo
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1300 CE  1535 CE
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Sokoto Caliphate
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1804 CE  1904 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
1043 CE 1669 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1670 CE 1911 CE
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Hausa bakwai
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hausa bakwai
900 CE  1808 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Jolof Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jolof Empire
1360 CE  1549 CE
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Denyanke Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Denyanke Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
1550 CE 1699 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Precious Metal Present
1700 CE 1890 CE
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Buganda II
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Shaba Uvira
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1717 CE  1894 CE
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Toro
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Shaba Uvira
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1830 CE  1896 CE
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Buganda I
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1408 CE  1716 CE
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Karagwe
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1500 CE  1916 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1450 CE  1749 CE
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Ndorwa
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1800 CE
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Burundi
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1680 CE  1903 CE
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Mubari
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1896 CE
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Gisaka
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1867 CE
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Bugesera
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1799 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Shaba Uvira
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1750 CE  1901 CE
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Buhaya
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Shaba Uvira
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1890 CE
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Early Cholas
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate Satavahana Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
300 BCE  300 CE
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Early Pandyas
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate Satavahana Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
300 BCE  300 CE
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Late Pallava Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
300 CE  890 CE
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Kalabhra Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
200 CE  600 CE
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Nayaks of Madurai
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Dutch Empire
1529 CE  1736 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1495 CE  1579 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1640 CE  1806 CE
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Classic Tana
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Classic Tana foreign
1000 CE  1498 CE
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Early East Africa Iron Age
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
200 CE  499 CE
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Early Tana 1
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Tana 1 foreign
500 CE  749 CE
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Early Tana 2
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Tana 2 foreign
Consumption by Elite Present
750 CE  999 CE
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Pre-Maravi
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Southern Zambezia
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1151 CE  1399 CE
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Early Maravi
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Classic Tana Zambia Congo
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1400 CE  1499 CE
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Northern Maravi Kingdom
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Northern Maravi Kingdom foreign
1500 CE  1621 CE
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Maravi Empire
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance Central Africa
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1622 CE  1870 CE
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Magadha - Nanda Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Magadha - Nanda Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
413 BCE  322 BCE
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Chandra Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1050 CE
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Nawabs of Bengal
Luxury Precious Metal Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1717 CE  1757 CE
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Magadha - Kanva Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
75 BCE  30 BCE
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Sena Dynasty
Luxury Precious Metal Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1095 CE  1245 CE
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