Home Region:  Southern Africa (Africa)

Early Maravi

1400 CE 1499 CE

SC OTHER  mw_early_maravi



Preceding Entity:
No Polity found. Add one here.

Succeeding Entity:
No Polity found. Add one here.

No General Descriptions provided.

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion
Social Complexity Variables
Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology
Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.
Religion Variables Coding in Progress.
Crisis Consequences Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range Early Maravi (mw_early_maravi) was in:
Home NGA: None

General Variables
Identity and Location
Temporal Bounds
Political and Cultural Relations
Language
Religion

Social Complexity Variables
Social Scale
Hierarchical Complexity
Settlement Hierarchy:
4
[1400, 1499]
Settlement Hierarchy:
4
[1400, 1499]

levels. Inferred from the following: "Mankhamba was more than a large village — it was a town, with its own satellite villages. It was both the capital of the Maravi and a major trading centre of local and imported products." [Juwayeyi 2020] QUOTE ABOUT SHRINES?
1. Mankhamba
2. Ritual centers3. Large villages4. Small villages


Religious Level:
-
[1400, 1499]
Religious Level:
-
[1400, 1499]

levels.
"A common feature were the 'spirit wives', women living in permanent celibacy and set apart from the cult of the godhead. One of their tasks was to transmit to those concerned mesages of communal interest which they received in dreams. [...] [T]hey were held in high esteem, their office being considered the highest in the cult hierarchy. They acted as overseers of the female initiation rites, and they are said to have been [...] confidantes of local rulers. The spirit wives were members of the Banda clan and thus were associated with the prestate period in Malawi. This is emphasized in oral traditions cited by Ntara, according to which the Chewa at first had no chiefs but spirit wives, suggesting that they embodied a form of regional jural authority before the emergence of centralized state systems. "A final feature to be considered is the apparent universality of a priesthood at the great shrines, which consisted of members of the Mbewe clan. These Mbewe were also of pre-Maravi stock, and their presence at the great shrines functioned as an additional factor which bound these shrines together into some form of common organization. The central cult object was conceived of as a snake, called tunga, which was associated both with the shrine hut and with the sacred pool, another invariable feature of each cult complex. The snake spirit was visibly represented by the senior Mbewe official, who was himself known as tunga and who acted as the spirit wife's ritual consort." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Professions
Professional Soldier:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Professional Soldier:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

Inferred continuity with succeeding polities. "What Pedro de Barreto de Rezende observed in the early seventeenth century could still be confirmed two centuries later by A. C. P. Garmitto: the Maravi polities had no standing army and no formal recruitment system. If and when armed men were needed, a chiefdom's war drum would be sounded to call them up, and in case of a more general alarm, the surrounding chiefdoms would do the same." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Professional Priesthood:
Present
[1400, 1499]
Professional Priesthood:
Present
[1400, 1499]

On the priesthood and shrine system supposedly established in Pre-Maravi times, which still existed up until the 19th century (most of the information available dates to the 19th century and after, though some of the written sources are based on long-held local oral histories): "A common feature were the 'spirit wives', women living in permanent celibacy and set apart from the cult of the godhead. One of their tasks was to transmit to those concerned mesages of communal interest which they received in dreams. [...] [T]hey were held in high esteem, their office being considered the highest in the cult hierarchy. They acted as overseers of the female initiation rites, and they are said to have been [...] confidantes of local rulers. The spirit wives were members of the Banda clan and thus were associated with the prestate period in Malawi. This is emphasized in oral traditions cited by Ntara, according to which the Chewa at first had no chiefs but spirit wives, suggesting that they embodied a form of regional jural authority before the emergence of centralized state systems." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Professional Military Officer:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Professional Military Officer:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

Inferred continuity with succeeding polities. "What Pedro de Barreto de Rezende observed in the early seventeenth century could still be confirmed two centuries later by A. C. P. Garmitto: the Maravi polities had no standing army and no formal recruitment system. If and when armed men were needed, a chiefdom's war drum would be sounded to call them up, and in case of a more general alarm, the surrounding chiefdoms would do the same." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Bureaucracy Characteristics
Law
Judge:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Judge:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

Inferred continuity with succeeding polities. "That dispensing justice may have been not only an important but also a time-consuming task is suggested by a passage about a Maravi king (probably Kalonga) by a mid-seventeenth century Jesuit missionary: 'That King continuously receives his people in audience and adjudges civil and criminal cases with incredible brevity. Even when he is ill he is still expected to judge cases. If he has been absent for two or three days, they go to his successor.'" (Schoffeleers 1992: 42-43)


Specialized Buildings: polity owned
Food Storage Site:
Present
[1400, 1499]
Food Storage Site:
Present
[1400, 1499]

"The king apparently also kept large storehouses of grain which could be drawn upon in times of famine." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Utilitarian Public Building:
Present
[1400, 1499]
Utilitarian Public Building:
Present
[1400, 1499]

Food storage sites. "The king apparently also kept large storehouses of grain which could be drawn upon in times of famine." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Transport Infrastructure
Special-purpose Sites
Mines or Quarry:
Unknown
[1400, 1499]

"Malawi, unlike southern Zambezia, did not have gold, copper or silver in commercially exploitable quantities. With respect to silver, however, an exception might be made even though the extent of its exploitation by the people of Mankhamba is far from clear. Apparently, silver deposits existed not far from Mankhamba, and it appears some members of the Portuguese community in the Zambezi Valley had heard of these deposits. In 1678, the captain or leader of the Portuguese called Jo o de Sousa Freire sent Theodósio Garcia to the land of Kalonga to investigate exploitability of these silver deposits. Garcia and the Kalonga of the time were said to have been friends. However, when he arrived at Mankhamba, Kalonga would not allow him to see the mines. Instead, he sent his men and two of Garcia’s slaves, who brought back some silver that they had mined and smelted. Garcia took back a sample, but no further action was taken, probably because Sousa Freire died two days after Garcia’s return. It is also possible, however, that the silver was of low quality and that is probably why there are no other records of silver exploration in the area." [Juwayeyi 2020]

Mines or Quarry:
Unknown
[1400, 1499]

Ceremonial Site:
Present
[1400, 1499]
Ceremonial Site:
Present
[1400, 1499]

"Prestate shrines were located on narrow plateaus in mountainous areas that were rather difficult to access." [Schoeffeleers 1992]


Information / Writing System
Written Record:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]

Written Record:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

Script:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Script:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Phonetic Alphabetic Writing:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Phonetic Alphabetic Writing:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Non Phonetic Writing:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Non Phonetic Writing:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Information / Kinds of Written Documents
Scientific Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Scientific Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Sacred Text:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Sacred Text:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Religious Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Religious Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Practical Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Practical Literature:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Philosophy:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Philosophy:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Lists Tables and Classification:
Uncoded
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


History:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]

History:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

Fiction:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Fiction:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Calendar:
Absent
[1400, 1499]
Calendar:
Absent
[1400, 1499]

The following suggests that writing did not develop indigenously in the region. "The earliest of the written documents on Malawi go back to the sixteenth century. Some adventurous Portuguese explorers and traders who periodically passed through central and southern Malawi as they sought minerals and other resources in the interior of the region wrote these documents." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Information / Money
Token:
Uncoded
[1400, 1499]
Token:
Uncoded
[1400, 1499]

"One other foreign item commonly occurring at Mankhamba, but whose usefulness to the community is entirely unclear, is the cowrie shell. Like imported ceramics, cowrie shells are very rare at other archaeological sites in the southern Lake Malawi area. Elsewhere in Africa, cowrie shells had economic and cultural value. [...] At Mankhamba, however, all the 46 shells were whole, with no evidence of any attempted modification. Further, cowrie shells do not feature in the oral traditions of the Chewa. It is therefore not clear what economic, social or ritual role these objects played among the Chewa at Mankhamba." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Article:
Present
[1400, 1499]
Article:
Present
[1400, 1499]

"Some of the objects recovered at Mankhamba, such as copper rings and bangles, were used as a medium of exchange. One type of object not recovered at the site, but nearby, was the copper ingot. In 1967, a man removing a tree stump on the adjacent Dedza escarpment, not far from Mankhamba, found a hoard of eight, large H-shaped ingots (see Plate 12.1). This shows that despite their absence in the Mankhamba excavations, these objects circulated in the area. Their absence in the excavation was value-related as ingots were expensive objects and unlikely to be disposed of carelessly." [Juwayeyi 2020]


Information / Postal System
Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)
Fortifications
Military use of Metals
Projectiles
Handheld weapons
Animals used in warfare
Armor
Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Coding in Progress.
Power Transitions
Coding in Progress.