Section: Luxury Goods
Variable: Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes (All coded records)
This variable tracks the trade and use of luxury spices, incense, and dyes in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of these substances (e.g., saffron, frankincense, indigo), their geographic origins, and their roles in culinary, religious, or artistic practices. This variable helps examine trade routes, cultural exchanges, and the societal value of these luxury items.  

117 Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s)
Zungharian Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Late Qing
1670 CE  1757 CE
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Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Bengal Sultanate Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III Gujarat Sultanate
1454 CE  1517 CE
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Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Imamate of Oman and Muscat Kerala
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1637 CE  1805 CE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow II
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
501 CE  700 CE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
100 CE  500 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red IV
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1401 CE  1500 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red II and III
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1100 CE  1400 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
701 CE  1100 CE
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Warring States Japan
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Great Ming
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1467 CE  1568 CE
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Tunni Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
800 CE  1200 CE
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Toro
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1830 CE  1896 CE
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Tokugawa Shogunate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Tokugawa Shogunate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1603 CE  1868 CE
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Timurid Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1370 CE  1526 CE
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Spanish Empire I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1516 CE  1715 CE
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Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty North Africa
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1493 CE  1591 CE
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Sind - Samma Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
1335 CE  1521 CE
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Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
854 CE  1193 CE
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Shuar - Ecuadorian
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Shuar - Ecuadorian
Consumption by Elite Present
1831 CE  1931 CE
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Shuar - Colonial
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
1534 CE  1830 CE
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Segou Kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
1650 CE  1712 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate suspected unknown
1 CE 203 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
100 BCE CE
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Sape
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sape
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1400 CE  1550 CE
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Safavid Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Safavid Empire foreign
1501 CE  1722 CE
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Republic of Venice IV
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1564 CE  1797 CE
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Qin Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qin Empire
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
338 BCE  207 BCE
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Qajar Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qajar Dynasty Yemen - Ottoman period Afghanistan East India Company
1794 CE  1925 CE
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Proto-French Kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Republic of Venice
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
987 CE  1150 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1495 CE  1579 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1640 CE  1806 CE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1413 CE 1526 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
1648 CE  1809 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1527 CE  1648 CE
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Pandya Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
1216 CE  1323 CE
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Oyo
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1300 CE  1535 CE
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Ottoman Empire IV
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qajar Dynasty
1839 CE  1922 CE
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Ottoman Empire III
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mughal Empire East India Company Venetian Republic
1683 CE  1839 CE
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Ottoman Empire II
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II India Indonesia
Consumption by Ruler Present
1517 CE  1683 CE
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Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
1734 CE  1883 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
1450 CE  1749 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1750 CE  1901 CE
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Ndorwa
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1800 CE
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Nayaks of Thanjavur
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Dutch Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1532 CE  1676 CE
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Nayaks of Madurai
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Late Dutch Empire
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1529 CE  1736 CE
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Nawabs of Bengal
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1717 CE  1757 CE
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Mubari
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1896 CE
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Monte Alban V
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Monte Alban V
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
900 CE  1520 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1500 BCE  901 BCE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 BCE  0 CE
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Middle Merovingian
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
543 CE  687 CE
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Medri Bahri
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1310 CE  1889 CE
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Mali Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mali Empire North Africa other African polities
1230 CE  1410 CE
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Magadha - Kanva Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
75 BCE  30 BCE
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Late Qing
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ayutthaya Annam Dutch Empire Ryukyu Kingdom Emirate of Bukhara
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1796 CE  1912 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Cayor Kingdom of Saloum
Consumption by Elite Present
1287 CE  1855 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Cayor Kingdom of Saloum
Consumption by Elite Present
1350 CE  1887 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Saloum
Consumption by Elite Present
1490 CE  1863 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mauritania
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1549 CE  1865 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1778 CE  1819 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Cayor
Consumption by Elite Present
1549 CE  1864 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Cayor Kingdom of Saloum
Consumption by Elite Present
1550 CE  1890 CE
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Khmer Kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
1432 CE  1594 CE
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Khanate of Bukhara
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mughal Empire
1599 CE  1747 CE
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Karagwe
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1500 CE  1916 CE
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Jin
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jin
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
780 BCE  404 BCE
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Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama Vietnam
Consumption by Ruler Present
1568 CE  1603 CE
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Indo-Greek Kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
180 BCE  10 BCE
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Inca Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Inca Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1375 CE  1532 CE
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Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
1601 CE  1835 CE
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Igodomingodo
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1450 CE
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Ifat Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1280 CE  1375 CE
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Hmong - Late Qing
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Absent
1701 CE  1895 CE
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Hmong - Early Chinese
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Absent
1895 CE  1941 CE
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Hephthalite Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance East Roman Empire Gupta Empire Northern Wei Sasanid Empire II
408 CE  561 CE
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Hausa bakwai
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hausa bakwai
900 CE  1808 CE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1714 CE  1848 CE
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Great Yuan
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1271 CE  1368 CE
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Great Ming
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1368 CE  1644 CE
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Gisaka
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1867 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Republic of Venice III
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1150 CE  1328 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1800 CE 1875 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE 1799 CE
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Egypt - Saite Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Saite Period Punt
664 BCE  525 BCE
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Egypt - Kushite Period
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
747 BCE  656 BCE
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Early Wei Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Wei Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
445 BCE  225 BCE
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Early Tana 2
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
750 CE  999 CE
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Early Tana 1
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
500 CE  749 CE
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Early Qing
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ayutthaya Annam Dutch Empire Ryukyu Kingdom Emirate of Bukhara
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1644 CE  1796 CE
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Early Merovingian
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
481 CE  543 CE
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Early Maravi
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Maravi
1400 CE  1499 CE
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Early East Africa Iron Age
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
200 CE  499 CE
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Durrani Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Durrani Empire
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1747 CE  1826 CE
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Denyanke Kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Cayor Kingdom of Saloum
Consumption by Elite Present
1490 CE  1776 CE
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Delhi Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Delhi Sultanate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1206 CE  1526 CE
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Cwezi Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
1450 CE  1699 CE
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Classic Tana
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Classic Tana
1000 CE  1498 CE
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Chuuk - Late Truk
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Transitional (Present -> Absent)
Place(s) of Provenance Chuuk - Early Truk
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Present -> Absent)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1886 CE  1948 CE
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Chuuk - Early Truk
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Chuuk - Early Truk
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1775 CE  1886 CE
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Chandra Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1050 CE
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Carolingian Empire II
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
840 CE  987 CE
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Carolingian Empire I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Italy
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Present
752 CE  840 CE
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Burundi
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1680 CE  1903 CE
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Buhaya
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1700 CE  1890 CE
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Bugesera
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1700 CE  1799 CE
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Buganda II
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Bito Dynasty
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1717 CE  1894 CE
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Buganda I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
1408 CE  1716 CE
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British Empire I
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Elite Present
1690 CE  1849 CE
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Bito Dynasty
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Uvinza
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1700 CE  1894 CE
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Bengal Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Bengal Sultanate Great Ming Vijayanagara Empire Gujarati Sultanate Kingdom of Jaffna Sultanate of Maldives Kingdom of Kochi
1338 CE  1538 CE
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Bamana kingdom
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
1712 CE  1861 CE
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Aztec Empire
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1427 CE  1526 CE
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Ayyubid Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ayyubid Sultanate foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1171 CE  1250 CE
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Ayutthaya
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Qing suspected unknown
1644 CE 1767 CE
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Akan - Pre-Ashanti
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1501 CE  1701 CE
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Ajuran Sultanate
Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance India
1250 CE  1700 CE
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