Section: Luxury Goods
Variable: Precious Stone (All coded records)
  { JSON }   .CSV
This variable tracks the use and trade of precious stones as luxury goods in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of stones (e.g., diamonds, rubies, emeralds), their geographic sources, and their use in jewelry or ceremonial contexts. This variable highlights the economic and cultural value of precious stones in historical societies.  

123 Precious Stone Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s)
Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
1043 CE 1650 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1651 CE 1911 CE
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Zungharian Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1670 CE  1757 CE
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Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Present
1454 CE  1517 CE
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Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance British East India Company
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1637 CE  1805 CE
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Whydah
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1671 CE  1727 CE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow II
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
501 CE  700 CE
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West Burkina Faso Yellow I
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
100 CE  500 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red IV
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1401 CE  1500 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red II and III
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1100 CE  1400 CE
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West Burkina Faso Red I
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
701 CE  1100 CE
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Warring States Japan
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Joseon Dynasty
1467 CE  1568 CE
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Tunni Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
800 CE  1200 CE
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Toro
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1830 CE  1896 CE
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Timurid Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Timurid Empire foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1370 CE  1526 CE
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Spanish Empire I
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Spanish Empire I foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1516 CE  1715 CE
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Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance North Africa
1493 CE  1591 CE
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Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
854 CE  1193 CE
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Sena Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
1095 CE  1245 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate Satavahana Empire
100 BCE  200 CE
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Sarazm
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
3500 BCE  2000 BCE
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Safavid Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Safavid Empire foreign
1501 CE  1722 CE
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Saadi Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
1554 CE  1659 CE
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Republic of Venice IV
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1564 CE  1797 CE
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Qin Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
338 BCE  207 BCE
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Qajar Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qajar Dynasty Yemen - Ottoman period Afghanistan
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1794 CE  1925 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1495 CE  1579 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1640 CE  1806 CE
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Polonnaruwa
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Polonnaruwa
1070 CE  1255 CE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1413 CE 1526 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire III
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1648 CE  1809 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1527 CE  1648 CE
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Pandya Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
1216 CE  1323 CE
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Pala Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Pala Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
750 CE  1174 CE
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Oyo
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1300 CE  1535 CE
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Ottoman Empire IV
Luxury Precious Stone Present
1839 CE  1922 CE
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Ottoman Empire III
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mughal Empire
1683 CE  1839 CE
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Ottoman Empire II
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
1517 CE  1683 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1750 CE  1901 CE
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Neguanje
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Neguanje
Consumption by Elite Present
250 CE  1050 CE
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Ndorwa
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1800 CE
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Nayaks of Thanjavur
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1532 CE  1676 CE
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Nawabs of Bengal
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1717 CE  1757 CE
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Mubari
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1896 CE
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Monte Alban V
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire Monte Alban V Gulf of Mexico Central America
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
900 CE  1520 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1500 BCE  901 BCE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 BCE  0 CE
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Middle Merovingian
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
543 CE  687 CE
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Medri Bahri
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1310 CE  1889 CE
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Mataram Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
1568 CE  1755 CE
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Mali Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1230 CE  1410 CE
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Magadha - Sunga Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
187 BCE  65 BCE
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Magadha - Kanva Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
75 BCE  30 BCE
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Late Qing
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Late Qing Zungharian Empire Burma Afghanistan
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1796 CE  1912 CE
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Late Pallava Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
300 CE  890 CE
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Late A'chik
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1867 CE  1956 CE
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Kushan Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
35 CE  319 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1778 CE  1819 CE
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Khmer Kingdom
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
1432 CE  1594 CE
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Khanate of Bukhara
Luxury Precious Stone Present
1599 CE  1747 CE
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Karagwe
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1500 CE  1916 CE
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Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Urban Period I foreign
2500 BCE  2100 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period foreign
1800 BCE  1300 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
7500 BCE  5500 BCE
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Jin
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jin
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
780 BCE  404 BCE
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Jaffna
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Polonnaruwa
Consumption by Ruler Present
1310 CE  1591 CE
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Indo-Greek Kingdom
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
180 BCE  10 BCE
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Inca Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Inca Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1375 CE  1532 CE
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Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1601 CE  1835 CE
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Igodomingodo
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1450 CE
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Iban - Pre-Brooke
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1650 CE  1841 CE
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Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1841 CE  1987 CE
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Hmong - Late Qing
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
1701 CE  1895 CE
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Hmong - Early Chinese
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
1895 CE  1941 CE
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Hephthalite Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
408 CE  561 CE
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Hawaii III
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii III
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1580 CE  1778 CE
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Hawaii II
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii II
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1200 CE  1580 CE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1714 CE  1848 CE
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Gupta Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
320 CE  550 CE
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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Consumption by Ruler Present
256 BCE  125 BCE
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Great Yuan
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1271 CE  1368 CE
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Great Ming
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1368 CE  1644 CE
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Gisaka
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1867 CE
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Ghur Principality
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ghur Principality
1025 CE  1215 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Provence
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1150 CE  1328 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1660 CE  1815 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE 1799 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1800 CE 1875 CE
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Egypt - Saite Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
664 BCE  525 BCE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Consumption by Ruler Present
1412 CE  1517 CE
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Egypt - Kushite Period
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Kushite Period
747 BCE  656 BCE
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Early Wei Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Wei Dynasty foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
445 BCE  225 BCE
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Early Tana 2
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Tana 2 foreign
750 CE  999 CE
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Early Tana 1
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Tana 1 foreign
500 CE  749 CE
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Early Qing
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Qing Zungharian Empire Burma Afghanistan
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1644 CE  1796 CE
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Early Pandyas
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
300 BCE  300 CE
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Early Merovingian
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
481 CE  543 CE
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Early East Africa Iron Age
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
200 CE  499 CE
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Early Cholas
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
300 BCE  300 CE
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Early A'chik
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1775 CE  1867 CE
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Durrani Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1747 CE  1826 CE
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Delhi Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1206 CE  1526 CE
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Dambadaneiya
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Polonnaruwa
1232 CE  1293 CE
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Chuuk - Late Truk
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Chuuk - Early Truk
1886 CE  1948 CE
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Chola Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
849 CE  1280 CE
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Chandra Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1050 CE
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Buhaya
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1890 CE
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Bugesera
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1799 CE
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Buganda II
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1717 CE  1894 CE
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British Empire I
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1690 CE  1849 CE
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Bito Dynasty
Luxury Precious Stone Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1894 CE
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Bengal Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Bengal Sultanate Great Ming
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1338 CE  1538 CE
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Aztec Empire
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1427 CE  1526 CE
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Ayyubid Sultanate
Luxury Precious Stone Present
1171 CE  1250 CE
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Ayutthaya
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ayutthaya
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1593 CE  1767 CE
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Anurādhapura IV
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Anurādhapura IV
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
614 CE  1017 CE
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Anurādhapura III
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Anurādhapura III
Consumption by Ruler Present
428 CE  614 CE
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Anurādhapura II
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Anurādhapura II
Consumption by Ruler Present
70 CE  428 CE
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Anurādhapura I
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Place(s) of Provenance Anurādhapura I
Consumption by Elite Present
300 BCE  70 CE
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Allada
Luxury Precious Stone Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
1100 CE 1650 CE
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Allada
Luxury Precious Stone Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1651 CE 1724 CE
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