Section: Luxury Goods
Variable: Luxury Drink/Alcohol (All coded records)
  { JSON }   .CSV
This variable tracks the production, distribution, and consumption of luxury drinks or alcohol in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of beverages (e.g., fine wines, spirits), their production regions, and their consumption by rulers, elites, or other groups. This variable helps analyze the cultural significance and economic value of luxury drinks in historical contexts.  

113 Luxury Drink/Alcohol Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s)
Early Qing
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Qing Europe
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1644 CE  1796 CE
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Late Qing
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Late Qing
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1796 CE  1912 CE
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Aztec Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1427 CE  1526 CE
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Hawaii II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii II
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1200 CE  1580 CE
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Hawaii III
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii III
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1580 CE  1778 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1778 CE  1819 CE
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Ayutthaya
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Spanish Empire I
1593 CE  1767 CE
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Chuuk - Early Truk
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Germany
1775 CE  1886 CE
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Chuuk - Late Truk
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Present -> Absent)
Place(s) of Provenance Germany Japan
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1886 CE  1948 CE
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Inca Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Inca Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1375 CE  1532 CE
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Spanish Empire I
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Spanish Empire I foreign
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1516 CE  1715 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
100 BCE 0 CE
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Satavahana Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate suspected unknown
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1 CE 203 CE
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Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1714 CE  1848 CE
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Early A'chik
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1775 CE  1867 CE
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Late A'chik
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1867 CE  1956 CE
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Kingdom of Norway II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Germany
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1262 CE  1396 CE
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Delhi Sultanate
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Delhi Sultanate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1206 CE  1526 CE
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Sind - Samma Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1335 CE  1521 CE
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Warring States Japan
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Warring States Japan
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1467 CE  1568 CE
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Tokugawa Shogunate
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Tokugawa Shogunate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
1603 CE  1868 CE
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Iban - Pre-Brooke
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iban - Pre-Brooke
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1841 CE
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Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Consumption by Common People Present
1841 CE  1987 CE
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Ottoman Empire II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
1517 CE  1683 CE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance other Italian polities
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1378 CE  1527 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Papal States - High Medieval Period Spanish Empire I
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1527 CE  1648 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1648 CE  1809 CE
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Shuar - Ecuadorian
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Shuar - Ecuadorian
Consumption by Elite Present
1831 CE  1931 CE
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Egypt - Saite Period
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Saite Period Greece
Consumption by Ruler Present
664 BCE  525 BCE
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Mali Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1230 CE  1410 CE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aragon Kingdom Republic of Venice III Kingdom of Cyprus Kingdom of Castile and Aragon
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1412 CE  1517 CE
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Jin
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jin
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
780 BCE  404 BCE
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Great Yuan
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1271 CE  1368 CE
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Great Ming
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1368 CE  1644 CE
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Early Merovingian
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
481 CE  543 CE
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Middle Merovingian
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
543 CE  687 CE
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Carolingian Empire II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Carolingian Empire II
840 CE  987 CE
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Ayyubid Sultanate
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
1171 CE  1250 CE
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Safavid Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Safavid Empire
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1501 CE  1722 CE
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Gupta Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Dominate Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
477 CE 515 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1150 CE  1328 CE
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French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1589 CE  1660 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1660 CE  1815 CE
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Khanate of Bukhara
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Khanate of Bukhara
1599 CE  1747 CE
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Hmong - Late Qing
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
1701 CE  1895 CE
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Hmong - Early Chinese
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
1895 CE  1941 CE
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Qajar Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qajar Dynasty Russia
Consumption by Elite Present
1794 CE  1925 CE
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Egypt - Kushite Period
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Kushite Period foreign
747 BCE  656 BCE
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Monte Alban V
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
900 CE  1520 CE
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Bito Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1894 CE
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Republic of Venice IV
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1564 CE  1797 CE
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British Empire I
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1690 CE  1849 CE
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Kaabu
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance unclear
1500 CE  1867 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1500 BCE  901 BCE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 BCE  0 CE
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Anurādhapura IV
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
614 CE  1017 CE
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Anurādhapura III
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sasanid Empire I Sasanid Empire II
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
488 CE 614 CE
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Anurādhapura I
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance India Persia
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
300 BCE  70 CE
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Anurādhapura II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
70 CE 204 CE
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Anurādhapura II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Sasanid Empire I
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
205 CE 428 CE
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Kingdom of Jimma
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
1790 CE  1932 CE
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Tunni Sultanate
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
800 CE  1200 CE
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Kingdom of Gomma
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1780 CE  1886 CE
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Medri Bahri
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1310 CE  1889 CE
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Kingdom of Kaffa
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1390 CE  1897 CE
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Kingdom of Gumma
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
1800 CE  1897 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE 1799 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1800 CE 1875 CE
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Allada
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1100 CE 1650 CE
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Allada
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1651 CE 1724 CE
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Igodomingodo
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1450 CE
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Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance British Empire I
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1601 CE  1835 CE
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Whydah
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1671 CE  1727 CE
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Oyo
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1300 CE  1535 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1043 CE 1650 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1651 CE 1911 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance Napoleonic France
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1549 CE 1799 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Napoleonic France suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1800 CE 1864 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Absent
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Absent
Consumption by Elite Absent
Consumption by Common People Absent
1490 CE 1500 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1501 CE 1799 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Napoleonic France suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1800 CE 1863 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1550 CE 1815 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Modern France I Napoleonic France suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1816 CE 1890 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Absent
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Absent
Consumption by Elite Absent
Consumption by Common People Absent
1350 CE 1500 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1501 CE 1799 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Modern France I Napoleonic France suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1800 CE 1887 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1287 CE 1499 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1500 CE 1815 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Napoleonic France
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1816 CE 1855 CE
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Imamate of Futa Toro
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Uncoded
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
1776 CE  1860 CE
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Denyanke Kingdom
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
1490 CE 1776 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Elite Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Present -> Absent)
1549 CE 1799 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Napoleonic France suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1800 CE 1865 CE
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Buganda II
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1717 CE  1894 CE
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Toro
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1830 CE  1896 CE
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Karagwe
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1500 CE  1916 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Ndorwa
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1800 CE
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Burundi
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1680 CE  1903 CE
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Mubari
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1896 CE
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Gisaka
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1867 CE
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Bugesera
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1799 CE
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Nkore
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1750 CE  1901 CE
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Buhaya
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1700 CE  1890 CE
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Early Cholas
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate
Consumption by Ruler Present
300 BCE  300 CE
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Early Pandyas
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Roman Empire - Principate
Consumption by Ruler Present
300 BCE  300 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
1495 CE  1579 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern foreign
1640 CE  1806 CE
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Early East Africa Iron Age
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
200 CE  499 CE
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Maravi Empire
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
1622 CE  1870 CE
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Chandra Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1050 CE
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Magadha - Kanva Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
75 BCE  30 BCE
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Sena Dynasty
Luxury Drink/Alcohol Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1095 CE  1245 CE
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