| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| mnemonic_device | The absence or presence of mnemonic device for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Mnemonic Device | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 143 |
(Byzantine Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Byzantine Empire II is assumed. [867, 1072] |
absent |
None | |
| 144 |
(East Francia) |
Full Year Range of East Francia is assumed. [842, 919] |
present |
Tallies were used as mnemonic devices in East Francia for recording transactions, taxes, and dues. These were typically simple wooden sticks with notches representing amounts owed or paid. [Kuchenbuch 2002] | |
| 145 |
(Ottoman Empire IV) |
Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire IV is assumed. [1839, 1922] |
present |
Trade and Taxation: Informal tallies and counters (e.g., notched sticks, stones, or abacuses) were used in marketplaces and by tax collectors. [Faroqhi_Faroqhi 2013] | |
| 150 |
(Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late) |
Full Year Range of Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late is assumed. [1714, 1848] |
present |
None |