Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government.   (See here)
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Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
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Variable Definition
full_time_bureaucrat The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

# Polity Year(s) Full Time Bureaucrat Description   Edit
231
(Early Tana 2)
Full Year Range of Early Tana 2 is assumed.
[750, 999]
present
"The noticeable decline in the import and internal output of this period set against the expansion of the site and population is an expression of increased complexity that may imply a division of labour that relocated the centres for craftwork to elsewhere, away from the Unguja Ukuu site as the public core area for political functions, administration and defence. This must have overtly distinguished Unguja Ukuu as a seat of urban conduct with an aggregation of buildings, groups of immigrants bringing in the old coinage, a market for subsistence resources from the periphery, and providing services to the population within the site territory and beyond." [Juma 2004]
232
(Chandra Dynasty)
Full Year Range of Chandra Dynasty is assumed.
[900, 1050]
present
Increasingly, government officers were paid by being assigned to lands which they could manage and earn revenue from, rather than in cash, and thus became part of the samanta class. However, hereditary chiefs “gradually assumed many of the functions of government. They not only assessed and collected land revenue, but also assumed more and more administrative powers, such as the right of awarding punishments and exacting fines on their own, which earlier were generally considered royal privileges. They assumed the right to sublet their land to their followers without the prior permission of the ruler, thus increasing the number of people who drew sustenance from land without working on it themselves.” [Chandra 2007]
233
(Five Dynasties Period)
Full Year Range of Five Dynasties Period is assumed.
[906, 970]
present
None
234
(Susa II)
Full Year Range of Susa II is assumed.
[-3800, -3100]
present
None
235
(La Tene C2-D)
Full Year Range of La Tene C2-D is assumed.
[-175, -27]
unknown
None
236
(Tocharians)
Full Year Range of Tocharians is assumed.
[-129, 29]
unknown
None
237
(Eastern Han Empire)
Full Year Range of Eastern Han Empire is assumed.
[25, 220]
present
None
238
(Hmong - Early Chinese)
Full Year Range of Hmong - Early Chinese is assumed.
[1895, 1941]
absent
None
239
(Longshan)
Full Year Range of Longshan is assumed.
[-3000, -1900]
unknown
None
240
(Qatabanian Commonwealth)
Full Year Range of Qatabanian Commonwealth is assumed.
[-450, -111]
present
None
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