Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
121	(Plantagenet England)	Full Year Range of Plantagenet England is assumed. [1154, 1485]	present	None
122	(West Burkina Faso Yellow II)	Full Year Range of West Burkina Faso Yellow II is assumed. [501, 700]	unknown	None
123	(Mubari)	Full Year Range of Mubari is assumed. [1700, 1896]	absent	None
124	(Akkadian Empire)	Full Year Range of Akkadian Empire is assumed. [-2270, -2083]	present	None
125	(Gisaka)	Full Year Range of Gisaka is assumed. [1700, 1867]	absent	None
126	(Fipa)	Full Year Range of Fipa is assumed. [1600, 1890]	absent	None
127	(Ottoman Empire IV)	Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire IV is assumed. [1839, 1922]	present	Ottoman Empire relied on salaried officials in the central administration based in Istanbul, such as scribes (katip), finance officers (defterdar), and inspectors (müfettiş). [Finkel 2007]
128	(Norman England)	Full Year Range of Norman England is assumed. [1066, 1153]	absent	State officials in Norman England, including sheriffs, earls, and knights, performed multiple functions: Administrative duties: Tax collection, law enforcement, and land management. Military duties: Leading troops, organizing local defenses, and garrisoning castles. The lack of functional specialization meant these officials were not dedicated full-time administrative specialists. [Carpenter 2003]
129	(Sena Dynasty)	Full Year Range of Sena Dynasty is assumed. [1095, 1245]	present	Increasingly, government officers were paid by being assigned to lands which they could manage and earn revenue from, rather than in cash, and thus became part of the samanta class. However, hereditary chiefs “gradually assumed many of the functions of government. They not only assessed and collected land revenue, but also assumed more and more administrative powers, such as the right of awarding punishments and exacting fines on their own, which earlier were generally considered royal privileges. They assumed the right to sublet their land to their followers without the prior permission of the ruler, thus increasing the number of people who drew sustenance from land without working on it themselves.” [Chandra 2007]
130	(Cahokia - Late Woodland III)	Full Year Range of Cahokia - Late Woodland III is assumed. [600, 750]	absent	None

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