Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
131	(Sena Dynasty)	Full Year Range of Sena Dynasty is assumed. [1095, 1245]	present	Increasingly, government officers were paid by being assigned to lands which they could manage and earn revenue from, rather than in cash, and thus became part of the samanta class. However, hereditary chiefs “gradually assumed many of the functions of government. They not only assessed and collected land revenue, but also assumed more and more administrative powers, such as the right of awarding punishments and exacting fines on their own, which earlier were generally considered royal privileges. They assumed the right to sublet their land to their followers without the prior permission of the ruler, thus increasing the number of people who drew sustenance from land without working on it themselves.” [Chandra 2007]
132	(Uruk)	Full Year Range of Uruk is assumed. [-4000, -2900]	absent	None
133	(Ubaid)	Full Year Range of Ubaid is assumed. [-5500, -4000]	unknown	None
134	(Cahokia - Late Woodland III)	Full Year Range of Cahokia - Late Woodland III is assumed. [600, 750]	absent	None
135	(Neo-Babylonian Empire)	Full Year Range of Neo-Babylonian Empire is assumed. [-626, -539]	present	None
136	(Early Dynastic)	Full Year Range of Early Dynastic is assumed. [-2900, -2500]	unknown	None
137	(Lombard Kingdom)	Full Year Range of Lombard Kingdom is assumed. [568, 774]	present	None
138	(Antebellum US)	Full Year Range of Antebellum US is assumed. [1776, 1865]	present	None
139	(Us Reconstruction-Progressive)	Full Year Range of Us Reconstruction-Progressive is assumed. [1866, 1933]	present	None
140	(Gupta Empire)	Full Year Range of Gupta Empire is assumed. [320, 550]	present	None

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