Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
91	(Chalukyas of Kalyani)	Full Year Range of Chalukyas of Kalyani is assumed. [973, 1189]	unknown	None
92	(Burundi)	Full Year Range of Burundi is assumed. [1680, 1903]	absent	None
93	(Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́)	Full Year Range of Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́ is assumed. [1601, 1835]	present	None
94	(Benin Empire)	Full Year Range of Benin Empire is assumed. [1140, 1897]	present	None
95	(Portuguese Empire - Early Modern)	Full Year Range of Portuguese Empire - Early Modern is assumed. [1640, 1806]	present	Referring to the imperial period generally: "much of the business of empire and the structure of government had come irretrievably into the hands of the professional bureaucrats." [Schwartz 1970]
96	(Deccan - Iron Age)	Full Year Range of Deccan - Iron Age is assumed. [-1200, -300]	unknown	None
97	(Deccan - Neolithic)	Full Year Range of Deccan - Neolithic is assumed. [-2700, -1200]	unknown	None
98	(Early A'chik)	Full Year Range of Early A'chik is assumed. [1775, 1867]	absent	None
99	(Shiwei)	Full Year Range of Shiwei is assumed. [600, 1000]	absent	None
100	(Ottoman Empire IV)	Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire IV is assumed. [1839, 1922]	present	Ottoman Empire relied on salaried officials in the central administration based in Istanbul, such as scribes (katip), finance officers (defterdar), and inspectors (müfettiş). [Finkel 2007]

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