| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 261 |
(Western Zhou) |
Full Year Range of Western Zhou is assumed. [-1122, -771] |
present |
"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official, and in the Zhou period, traffic had reached such proportions that regulations were introduced for particularly crowded crossroads and reckless driving was prohibited."§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ Must have been stone or wooden bridges over rivers and streams. | |
| 262 |
(Tairona) |
Full Year Range of Tairona is assumed. [1050, 1524] |
present |
"To facilitate the redistribution of products the different regional chiefdoms of the northeast SNSM built an extensive network of paths, bridges, and paved stairs." §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 423)§REF§ SNSM is Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. | |
| 263 |
(Ayyubid Sultanate) |
Full Year Range of Ayyubid Sultanate is assumed. [1171, 1250] |
present |
Communications with al-Maqs were improved by the building of roads in 1177 and the Muski Bridge over the Khalij prior to 1188 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2001, 97)§REF§ A bridge was built between the Rawdah Island and Fustat around 1240 CE.§REF§(Raymond 2001, 101)§REF§ "Saladin put a great deal of investment into roads, bridges and fortified khans."§REF§(Nicolle 2011) Nicolle, D. 2011. Saladin. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ | |
| 264 |
(Egypt - Dynasty I) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Dynasty I is assumed. [-3100, -2900] |
present |
Earliest reference to small bridge is for the new kingdom. Bridges over wide expanse of water unknown.§REF§(Arnold 2003, 37)§REF§ However, it is highly probable that small bridges were necessary before this time and Egyptians would have been more than capable of building and maintaining them. | |
| 265 |
(Egypt - Dynasty II) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Dynasty II is assumed. [-2900, -2687] |
present |
Earliest reference to small bridge is for the new kingdom. Bridges over wide expanse of water unknown.§REF§(Arnold 2003, 37)§REF§ However, it is highly probable that small bridges were necessary before this time and Egyptians would have been more than capable of building and maintaining them. | |
| 266 |
(Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I is assumed. [1260, 1348] |
present |
Bridge over Abu'l Managga irrigation canal. §REF§(Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§ "In a traditional society that lacked the concept of public or municipal agencies, as individuals, the members of this ruling class assumed responsibility for what we would consider public concerns. The mamluks were patrons of art, schools, and mosques; builders of roads, bridges, and markets; and overseers of "public works," morality, and charity."§REF§(Dols 1977, 152)§REF§ Seven bridges constructed over al-Nasiri canal between 1325 and 1376 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 125)§REF§ | |
| 267 |
(Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III is assumed. [1412, 1517] |
present |
Bridges "maintained right up until the end of Mamluk rule".§REF§(Oliver and Atmore 2001, 21) Oliver R and Atmore A. 2001. Medieval Africa 1250-1800. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Bridge over Abu'l Managga irrigation canal. §REF§(Nicolle 2014) Nicolle, D. 2014 Mamluk Askar 1250-1517. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§ "In a traditional society that lacked the concept of public or municipal agencies, as individuals, the members of this ruling class assumed responsibility for what we would consider public concerns. The mamluks were patrons of art, schools, and mosques; builders of roads, bridges, and markets; and overseers of "public works," morality, and charity."§REF§(Dols 1977, 152)§REF§ | |
| 268 |
(Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II is assumed. [1348, 1412] |
present |
Seven bridges constructed over al-Nasiri canal between 1325 and 1376 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 125)§REF§ "In a traditional society that lacked the concept of public or municipal agencies, as individuals, the members of this ruling class assumed responsibility for what we would consider public concerns. The mamluks were patrons of art, schools, and mosques; builders of roads, bridges, and markets; and overseers of "public works," morality, and charity."§REF§(Dols 1977, 152)§REF§ | |
| 269 |
(Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period is assumed. [-1293, -1070] |
present |
Bridges over wide expanse of water unknown. Small bridges were built. A bridge at Amarna linked two parts of a royal palace that was separated by a Royal Road. It was supported by two pillars 5 meters apart.§REF§(Arnold 2003, 37)§REF§ | |
| 270 |
(Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom is assumed. [-2650, -2350] |
present |
Earliest reference to small bridge is for the new kingdom. Bridges over wide expanse of water unknown.§REF§(Arnold 2003, 37)§REF§ However, it is highly probable that small bridges were necessary before this time and Egyptians would have been more than capable of building and maintaining them. |