| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| nonwritten_record | The absence or presence of nonwritten record for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Nonwritten Record | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 94 |
(Ottoman Empire IV) |
Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire IV is assumed. [1839, 1922] |
present |
Seals: The use of official seals (e.g., the Sultan's tuğra, a calligraphic emblem) was widespread. The tuğra was a combination of calligraphic art and a symbolic signature, but it functioned as a nonwritten identifier rather than a script-based record. [Finkel 2007] | |
| 95 |
(Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period) |
Full Year Range of Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period is assumed. [1820, 1898] |
present |
Petroglyphs: Carvings in stone (ki‘i pōhaku) found across the islands. These symbols often depicted human figures, animals, or abstract shapes. [Daws 1997] | |
| 96 |
(Elam - Crisis Period) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Crisis Period is assumed. [-1100, -900] |
present |
None | |
| 97 |
(Buyid Confederation) |
Full Year Range of Buyid Confederation is assumed. [932, 1062] |
unknown |
None | |