Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
71	(Yadava-Varman Dynasty)	Full Year Range of Yadava-Varman Dynasty is assumed. [1080, 1150]	present	Increasingly, government officers were paid by being assigned to lands which they could manage and earn revenue from, rather than in cash, and thus became part of the samanta class. However, hereditary chiefs “gradually assumed many of the functions of government. They not only assessed and collected land revenue, but also assumed more and more administrative powers, such as the right of awarding punishments and exacting fines on their own, which earlier were generally considered royal privileges. They assumed the right to sublet their land to their followers without the prior permission of the ruler, thus increasing the number of people who drew sustenance from land without working on it themselves.” [Chandra 2007]
72	(Portuguese Empire - Early Modern)	Full Year Range of Portuguese Empire - Early Modern is assumed. [1640, 1806]	present	Referring to the imperial period generally: "much of the business of empire and the structure of government had come irretrievably into the hands of the professional bureaucrats." [Schwartz 1970]
73	(Ashanti Empire)	Full Year Range of Ashanti Empire is assumed. [1701, 1895]	present	None
74	(Archaic Crete)	Full Year Range of Archaic Crete is assumed. [-710, -500]	present	None
75	(The Emirate of Crete)	Full Year Range of The Emirate of Crete is assumed. [824, 961]	present	None
76	(New Palace Crete)	Full Year Range of New Palace Crete is assumed. [-1700, -1450]	present	None
77	(Hatti - Old Kingdom)	Full Year Range of Hatti - Old Kingdom is assumed. [-1650, -1500]	present	None
78	(Neo-Hittite Kingdoms)	Full Year Range of Neo-Hittite Kingdoms is assumed. [-1180, -900]	present	None
79	(Early Illinois Confederation)	Full Year Range of Early Illinois Confederation is assumed. [1640, 1717]	uncoded	Full-time specialists. probably unknown
80	(Shiwei)	Full Year Range of Shiwei is assumed. [600, 1000]	absent	None

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