Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
151	(Gupta Empire)	Full Year Range of Gupta Empire is assumed. [320, 550]	present	None
152	(Oyo)	Full Year Range of Oyo is assumed. [1300, 1535]	unknown	None
153	(Hohokam Culture)	Full Year Range of Hohokam Culture is assumed. [300, 1500]	unknown	None
154	(Elymais II)	Full Year Range of Elymais II is assumed. [25, 215]	present	"Alexander had apparently hellenized Susa to the extent that the language of administration was Greek, the form of city-state government was Greek, and even the ethnic composition of the area was partially Greek." [Wenke 1981, pp. 303-315] Documents from Susa and Dura Europus show "the governments of these places preserved the pattern of the Hellenistic city state." [Debevoise 1938]
155	(Erligang)	Full Year Range of Erligang is assumed. [-1650, -1250]	uncoded	"The list of activities dependent on administration for the Erlitou state - agriculture, the construction of public buildings and city walls, the bronze industry, the army - is equally applicable to Erligang, but the scale of those activities had increased enormously." [Wang 2014, p. 179] "Exemplified by Zhengzhou and Anyang, each city was composed of a centrally situated ceremonial and administrative enclave occupied primarily by royalty, priests and a few selected craftsmen... (Wheatley 1971: 30-47)." [Liu_Chen 2012, p. 295] "Early urban centers in China clearly show hierarchical planning, in terms of urban layout and population allocation. This planning is manifested particularly by the palatial or inner city walls, which segregated different population groups." [Liu_Chen 2012, p. 295]
156	(Wari Empire)	Full Year Range of Wari Empire is assumed. [650, 999]	uncoded	The Wari had administrators [Covey 2006, p. 71] which suggests there may have been a bureaucratic class.
157	(Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age)	Full Year Range of Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age is assumed. [-3000, -2000]	uncoded	unknown
158	(Northern Wei)	Full Year Range of Northern Wei is assumed. [386, 534]	present	None
159	(Late Qing)	Full Year Range of Late Qing is assumed. [1796, 1912]	present	None
160	(Kaabu)	Full Year Range of Kaabu is assumed. [1500, 1867]	unknown	None

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