| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 301 |
(Ak Koyunlu) |
Full Year Range of Ak Koyunlu is assumed. [1339, 1501] |
present |
"There are abundant material remains and other nonwritten sources for the Aq-quyunlu period. Metin Sozen has catalogued nearly one hundred Aqquyunlu architectural structures in almost thirty locales in Anatolia alone. These buildings include mosques, madrasas, tombs, hospices, markets, caravanserais, baths, bridges, fountains, palaces, and fortifications. Unfortunately, no similar work exists for these monuments constructed in Iran during the imperial period, many of which have now disappeared." §REF§(Woods 1998, 218)§REF§ | |
| 302 |
(Ostrogothic Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Ostrogothic Kingdom is assumed. [489, 554] |
present |
"The daily operation of the government, the maintenance of the post, road repair, and the like, primarily remained the..." - cannot read more than this, suggests these practices continued in the Ostrogothic Kingdom, presumably operated by Romans. §REF§(Burns 1991, 74)§REF§ | |
| 303 |
(Buyid Confederation) |
Full Year Range of Buyid Confederation is assumed. [932, 1062] |
present |
Abud al-Daula restored the bridge over the Hinduwān at Ahvaz. §REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.284§REF§ The Amir Barrier in Fars had three purposes: join river banks (bridge), water supply for irrigation, and energy (to turn water wheels for a millstone).§REF§(Mahmoudian and Mahmoudian 2012, 95) Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis, D. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§ | |
| 304 |
(Elymais II) |
Full Year Range of Elymais II is assumed. [25, 215] |
present |
"Elymais coined its own money, conducted its own public works programs"§REF§(Wenke 1981, 306) Wenke, Robert J. 1981. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 101. No. 3. Jul-Sep. American Oriental Society. pp. 303-315. http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592§REF§ "Elymais' emergence as an independent state was paralelled by the rise of Characene (also called Mesene), and Arab state at the head of the Persian Gulf and centered at the city of Spasinu Charaz. Both Elymais and Characene controlled important trade routes connecting the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia with sea and land routes from India and China."§REF§(Wenke 1981, 306) Wenke, Robert J. 1981. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 101. No. 3. Jul-Sep. American Oriental Society. pp. 303-315. http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592§REF§ | |
| 305 |
(Elam - Igihalkid Period) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Igihalkid Period is assumed. [-1399, -1200] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 306 |
(Elam - Shutrukid Period) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Shutrukid Period is assumed. [-1199, -1100] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 307 |
(Elam II) |
Full Year Range of Elam II is assumed. [-743, -647] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 308 |
(Parthian Empire I) |
Full Year Range of Parthian Empire I is assumed. [-247, 40] |
present |
According to ancient authors the Parthians built caravanserei and constructed bridges to encourage trade.§REF§(Raschke 1976, 820) Raschke, Manfred G. in Haase, Wolfgang ed. 1976. Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten). Walter de Gruyter.§REF§ | |
| 309 |
(Parthian Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Parthian Empire II is assumed. [41, 226] |
present |
According to ancient authors the Parthians built caravanserei and constructed bridges to encourage trade.§REF§(Raschke 1976, 820) Raschke, Manfred G. in Haase, Wolfgang ed. 1976. Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten). Walter de Gruyter.§REF§ | |
| 310 |
(Qajar Dynasty) |
Full Year Range of Qajar Dynasty is assumed. [1794, 1925] |
present |
Few passable roadways (suggesting there were some).§REF§(Martin 2005, 15) Vanessa Martin. 2005. The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia. I. B. Tauris. London.§REF§ |