Section: Social Complexity

Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Full Time Bureaucrat

full-time bureaucrats refer to full-time administrative specialists. code this absent if administrative duties are performed by generalists such as chiefs and subchiefs. also code it absent if state officials perform multiple functions, e.g. combining administrative tasks with military duties. note that this variable shouldn't be coded 'present' only on the basis of the presence of specialized government buildings; there must be some additional evidence of functional specialization in government. (See here)

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Variable	Definition
Polity	The Seshat Polity ID
Year(s)	The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Tag	[Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown]
Verified	A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data.

Variable	Definition
full_time_bureaucrat	The absence or presence of full time bureaucrat for a polity.

Actual Data:

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#	Polity	Year(s)	Full Time Bureaucrat	Description	Edit
41	(Yemen - Ottoman period)	Full Year Range of Yemen - Ottoman period is assumed. [1873, 1920]	absent	None
42	(Banu Ghaniya)	Full Year Range of Banu Ghaniya is assumed. [1126, 1227]	present	None
43	(Songhai Empire)	Full Year Range of Songhai Empire is assumed. [1376, 1493]	absent	None
44	(Third Scythian Kingdom)	Full Year Range of Third Scythian Kingdom is assumed. [-429, -225]	absent	None
45	(Wattasid)	Full Year Range of Wattasid is assumed. [1465, 1554]	present	None
46	(Jin Dynasty)	Full Year Range of Jin Dynasty is assumed. [1115, 1234]	present	None
47	(Novgorod Land)	Full Year Range of Novgorod Land is assumed. [880, 1240]	present	None
48	(Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period)	Full Year Range of Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period is assumed. [854, 1193]	unknown	None
49	(Middle Greater Coclé)	Full Year Range of Middle Greater Coclé is assumed. [700, 1000]	absent	For the later precontact period, Helms has argued that 'Although the ethnohistoric data are very scanty, some degree of "internal" administrative associations and responsibilities surely existed between the commoner population of a given territory or "province" and the elite cabras, sacos and/or quevis of that territory, who at the very least accepted generalized stewardship of the overall well-being, socially and ideologically, of the population of a given ancestral territory'. [Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56] She believes cabras, the lowest-ranked elites, would have served as 'local administrators', [Helms_Brumfiel_Fox 1994, p. 56] but does not speculate on whether they were full-time. The evidence is therefore not strong enough to justify coding full-time specialist bureaucrats present for the precontact period, and we know even less about this earlier period (700-1000 CE). Panamanian societies before Spanish contact produced no written records, [Mendizábal_Archibold 2004, p. 14] so it is not clear how such administrators would perform their duties.
50	(Axum III)	Full Year Range of Axum III is assumed. [600, 800]	present	Government officials, scribes, coiners. [Connah 2015, p. 141] "Leading chiefs as well as civil servants managed the administration." [Falola 2002, p. 60]

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