No General Descriptions provided.
| Year Range | Novgorod Land (ru_novgorod_land) was in: |
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Inhabitants.
"the Novgorod Land was very little urbanized. Among all its cities, Novgorod itself clearly stood out. Excavations in Novgorod revealed large tracts of construction. This allows us (with a degree of reservation indeed, but more reliably than is usually the case with Russian cities) to estimate the size of its population in various periods of its history. Thus, in the mid-twelfth century, Novgorod’s population was apparently about 15,000 people, and in the first half of the fourteenth century it was no greater than 25,000. ... According to estimates by the most authoritative researchers, in the eleventh to early twelfth centuries the populations of the largest trading centres on the Baltic, such as Szczecin and Wolin, were about 5,000 to 10,000 people. Thus, Novgorod was the largest settlement in the eastern Baltic as early as the twelfth century. Later, Novgorod, whose population may have grown to about 25,000 people, was comparable to Europe’s major urban centres."
[1]
[1]: Pavel V Lukin. Novgorod: trade, politics and mentalities in the time of independence. Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom, Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz. ed. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300-1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy. Routledge.
in squared kilometers
Novgorod first expanded "to the north of Lake Onega (the Zaonezh’e)", then east to "the basin of the Northern Dvina (also known as the Zavoloch’e)" during the 12th century, then "the distant regions further east and south-east of Dvina Land, such as the Viatka region" and Pechora and Perm’, where Novgorod’s control was episodic and weak. All these regions in the Russian North were densely forested (merging into the tundra in the north) and very sparsely population, serving primarily as a source for the trade in pelts and wax."
[1]
At its peak, Rus’ extended south to the Black Sea, west to the kingdom of Poland and the dutch of Lithuania, and east to the Volga River in central Russia. This state, however, divided into many distinct and competing, even warring principalities after the death of Yaroslav. By the middle of the 12th century, the influence of Kievan Rus’ had waned definitively."
[2]
"The historical province (principality of Novgorod consisted of an area with a radius of roughly 200-250 km" surrounded by five other areas.
[3]
Middle 10th century "Novgorod consisted of three small settlements, possibly connected with three different ethnic entities." So unimportant as not to be mentioned in lists of Russian towns in Russo-Byzantine treaties.
[4]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 467-468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[2]: (Martin 2017, 158-159) Michael Martin. 2017. City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West. Algora Publishing. New York.
[3]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[4]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 473) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
People.
"Despite its size, however, this periphery was populated sparsely. From the accounts by Muscovite officials soon after the annexation of Novgorod, it is inferred that Novgorod’s total population at the time could have reached 520,000 people. This calculation, however, is very approximate and possibly imprecise. Other estimates, for example, suggest that there were 400,000 people in the second half of the fifteenth century. At earlier times, the population of the Novgorod Land was, obviously, much smaller (and the above figures may have been exaggerated)."
[1]
[1]: Pavel V Lukin. Novgorod: trade, politics and mentalities in the time of independence. Wim Blockmans, Mikhail Krom, Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz. ed. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300-1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy. Routledge.
levels.
1. Novgorod
2. Trading post (pogosty)
"There were practically no towns of any importance; Novgorod colonists lived mostly in small trading-posts (pogosty)."
[1]
"If we follow the Primary Chronicle, Novgorod’s history started in 862 when the Slavic (Slovenes and Krivichi) and Finnish tribes (Chud’ and Ves’) of North-West Russia invited Varangians or ’Russes’ to ’rule and reign over them’. The Varangian chief Rurik then installed himself in Novgorod (which at that time was nothing more than a collection of dispersed settlements)."
[2]
"Novgorod itself was founded, or rather grew out of a cluster of settlements, around the middle of the 10th century, just a few kilometers north of Riurikovo Gorodishche."
[3]
Novgorod "unlike the other principalities, constituted a semi-colonial empire consisting of a vast territory populated by non-Russian peoples, controlled by and economically subordinated to a metropolitan centre."
[4]
Middle 10th century "Novgorod consisted of three small settlements, possibly connected with three different ethnic entities." So unimportant as not to be mentioned in lists of Russian towns in Russo-Byzantine treaties.
[5]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 472) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[3]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[4]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 465) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[5]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 473) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
levels.
Novgorod was converted to Christianity sometime before 989 CE when they received their first bishop.
[1]
The following data is based on Kievan Rus:
1. Bishop
Capital town had a bishop (only open to monks), who had an "entourage."
[2]
2. Priest Priests
[3]
3. Deacons 4. Towns had priests and deacons.
[2]
Woman who prepares the Eucharist bread.
Healer
Hospitals
Hostels
Refuges for wayfarers.
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 473) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 437) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[3]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 438) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
levels.
1. Prince in Kiev
2. Prince in Novgorod 3. tysiatskii (Commander of the urban militia and judicial responsibilities) "in later times, and especially in Novgorod, the tysiatskii became one of the highest urban officials. Orignally, the tysiatskie were appointed by the prince and were primarily the commanders of the urban militia. In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage, while in other places it only tended to be elective. ... it often ran ... in particular families (from which either the prince or the veche had to select their candidate). In the principality of Moscow the office disappeared after the death of the last tysiatski ... in 1374."
[1]
4. Individual soldier
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
levels.
1. Prince in Kiev
Kievan era of Russian history: "The union that was formed was an extremely loose federation of nearly autonomous city-states, each ruled presumably by a prince appointed by the prince in Kiev, who usually chose his kinsmen for these thrones."
[1]
2. Prince in Novgorod "Novgorod is curiously absent in the testamentary dispositions of Iaroslav the Wise in 1054, when he distributed the most important principalities among his sons, Iziaslav, as the eldest, receiving Kiev. The explanation is probably that the obviously important seat of Novgorod had already been reserved for Iziaslav’s son."
[2]
the Novgorod people were selecting their princes in 970 "when the people of Novgorod requested Sviatoslav also to appoint a prince for them, or otherwise ’we will choose a prince of our own’." Vladimir was appointed. Sometime after 977 CE Vladimir conquered Kiev with a force of Varangians.
[3]
2. Governor/Mayor (posadnik) later called namestniki (lieutenants) in Novgorod "Another significant step in Novgorod’s progress towards full independence had been the appointment of a governor or mayor (posadnik) by the boyar leadership, without consulting the prince, at that time (1088-1094) Mstislav Vladimirovich, a boy still in his teens. Previous posadniki had been appointed by the prince as his representatives during his absence. Such appointments continued in later years, but then these officials were called namestniki (lieutenants)."
[4]
2. Veche assembly "In Novgorod, and probably in other towns as well, regular veche meetings were convoked by ringing the veche bell. When Novgorod lost its independence and the grand prince had forbidden further meetings of the veche, the veche bell was removed to Moscow."
[5]
"Novgorod was governed, until it lost its independence in 1471, by its own citizenship."
[6]
Veche meetings were held at the Court of Iaroslav.
[7]
3. Piatiny division (leaders?) "The historical province (principality of Novgorod consisted of an area with a radius of roughly 200-250 km" surrounded by five other areas.
[7]
"Whether the piatiny division goes back to the times of the Novgorod republic is a much debated question; the majority of scholars accept a relatively early origin."
[8]
Novgorod was split into five quarters and the region around it had five divisions. It is thought that this is connected. "the four oldest quarters (kontsy) were each contiguous with their adjacent piatina. The piatiny then were, at least hypothetically, the extensions of the individual quarters into the open countryside, and were controlled by them." Although Frolov (2014) says the piatiny were administrative divisions introduced by Moscow after the end of this polity.
[8]
3. tysiatskii (Commander of the urban militia and judicial responsibilities) "in later times, and especially in Novgorod, the tysiatskii became one of the highest urban officials. Orignally, the tysiatskie were appointed by the prince and were primarily the commanders of the urban militia. In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage, while in other places it only tended to be elective. ... it often ran ... in particular families (from which either the prince or the veche had to select their candidate). In the principality of Moscow the office disappeared after the death of the last tysiatski ... in 1374."
[9]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 13-14) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 475) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[3]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 473) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[4]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 476-477) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[5]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 429) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[6]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 465) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[7]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[8]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 467) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[9]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
If the job also had judicial responsibilities then the commander of the urban militia sounds like he had policing responsibilities which is not the same thing as a professional army officer. Did Novgorod have an army?
"in later times, and especially in Novgorod, the tysiatskii became one of the highest urban officials. Orignally, the tysiatskie were appointed by the prince and were primarily the commanders of the urban militia."
[1]
"In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage".
[1]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
15th century so after this period: "The expansion in economic activity led to the increased use of money in every day life. Government officials who formerly had been paid in kind were now put on money salaries, more and more of the taxes were collected in cash, and, most important, many of the peasants’ obligations to their seigniors were converted into money payments, especially in the regions where trade was most active." [1]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 131) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
15th century so after this period: "The expansion in economic activity led to the increased use of money in every day life. Government officials who formerly had been paid in kind were now put on money salaries, more and more of the taxes were collected in cash, and, most important, many of the peasants’ obligations to their seigniors were converted into money payments, especially in the regions where trade was most active." [1]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 131) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
tysiatskii: "In Novgorod and Pskov the office (which also included judicial responsibilities) had become elective at an early stage, while in other places it only tended to be elective. ... it often ran ... in particular families (from which either the prince or the veche had to select their candidate). In the principality of Moscow the office disappeared after the death of the last tysiatski ... in 1374." [1]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 431) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
"The Russkaia Pravda, at least its oldest layer, the Pravda of Iaroslav, can of course be regarded as the oldest Novgorod law known to us."
[1]
"Novgorod’s domestic legal system was based primarily on the Expanded Pravda, supplemented by customary law and incidental enactments ... It was undoubtedly also affected by the numerous treaties concluded with foreign powers."
[1]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 469) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
"Of the five principal churches, the sobory ..., the Sophia cathedral sobor stood within the walls of the fortress, the Nikolo-Dvorishchenskii sobor in the Court of Iaroslav, the Znamenskii sobor in the Slavno quarter, while the sobory of the two oldest Novgorod monasteries, the Iur’ev and Antoniev monasteries, stood outside the city walls. The two guild churches of the Russian foreign and domestic merchants (the churches of St. Paraskeve-Piatnitsa and of St. John na Okopakh) and the two most important compounds of foreign merchants (the Gothic Court and the German Court) were all in the central area on or around the Market Square and the Court of Iaroslav." [1]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 466) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
Took Cyrillic alphabet from Byzantine priests. [1] Did they have any kind of script before? 944 CE treaty with Byzantium [2] was perhaps in Greek? Church Slavonic: "With regard to written language, the existence of texts allows for less arbitrary opinion ... the written language of Kievan Rus’ was not based on any of the spoken languages or dialects of the inhabitants ... it had no basis in any of the East Slavic dialects, nor did it stem from some supposed older form of Ukranian, Belarusan, or Russian. Rather, it was a literary language, known as Old Slavonic, originally based on the Slavic dialects of Macedonia, which were those best known to its creators, Constantine/Cyril and Methodius, in the second half of the ninth century. Old Slavonic subsequently evolved on neighbouring Bulgarian lands before being brought in its Bulgarian form to Kiev in the first half of the tenth century." [3]
[1]: Miriam Greenblatt. 2001. Human Heritage: A World History. McGraw-Hill.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 435) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[3]: (Magocsi 2010, 107) Paul R Magocsi. 2010. A History of Ukraine: The Land and its Peoples. University of Toronto Press Incorporated. Toronto.
Novgorod maintained state archives. [1] Legal documents. Private charters (gramoty). [2]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 468) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 469) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
"In the pre-Kievan era cattle and furs had served as mediums of exchange and foreign coins had also been used. In the Kievan centuries metallic money came into general use. Coins were minted from the first half of the eleventh century on into the first quarter of the next century. Small silver bars were also used, and foreign coins had wide circulation." [1]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
15th century so after this period: "The expansion in economic activity led to the increased use of money in every day life. Government officials who formerly had been paid in kind were now put on money salaries, more and more of the taxes were collected in cash, and, most important, many of the peasants’ obligations to their seigniors were converted into money payments, especially in the regions where trade was most active. ... Silver was the chief money metal, although copper was also minted. ... Gold coins were struck on special occasions when they were given to persons whom the tsar wished to honor." [1] "Minting of new coins in Russia had ended in the reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev (1113-1125). The inflow of foreign coins dried up with the decline in the commerce with other lands, and furs and small silver bars had come into wide use as mediums of exchange, reflecting the low level of internal trade. Then, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, in the reign of Dimitrii Donskoi, Prince of Moscow, the minting of new coins was resumed. Foreign money began coming in again. In the first part of the fiftheenth century silver coins were minted in other principalities, and in the republics of Novgorod and Pskov. Copper money also was turned out." [2] "In the pre-Kievan era cattle and furs had served as mediums of exchange and foreign coins had also been used. In the Kievan centuries metallic money came into general use. Coins were minted from the first half of the eleventh century on into the first quarter of the next century. Small silver bars were also used, and foreign coins had wide circulation." [3]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 131) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
[2]: (Blum 1971, 118) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
[3]: (Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
"Minting of new coins in Russia had ended in the reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev (1113-1125). The inflow of foreign coins dried up with the decline in the commerce with other lands, and furs and small silver bars had come into wide use as mediums of exchange, reflecting the low level of internal trade. Then, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, in the reign of Dimitrii Donskoi, Prince of Moscow, the minting of new coins was resumed. Foreign money began coming in again. In the first part of the fiftheenth century silver coins were minted in other principalities, and in the republics of Novgorod and Pskov. Copper money also was turned out." [1] "In the pre-Kievan era cattle and furs had served as mediums of exchange and foreign coins had also been used. In the Kievan centuries metallic money came into general use. Coins were minted from the first half of the eleventh century on into the first quarter of the next century. Small silver bars were also used, and foreign coins had wide circulation." [2]
[1]: (Blum 1971, 118) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
[2]: (Blum 1971, 15) Jerome Blum. 1971. Lord and Peasant in Russia. From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century. Princeton. Princeton University Press.
"its foreign trade made it the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan of all medieval Russian polities." [1] Reference to barter in private charters. [2] "its foreign trade made it the wealthiest and most cosmopolitan of all medieval Russian polities." [1]
[1]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 465) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.
[2]: (Feldbrugge 2017, 471) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.